tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29053228082392295302024-03-06T01:31:10.877+00:00Phil osophy Self-defence and self-reliance by <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/17352040.Phil_West">Phil West</a>.
If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please <a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest">feel free to show your appreciation</a>. Thank you.
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<b>This blog has now been migrated to <a href="http://survive.phillosoph.com/">survive.phillosoph.com</a>. See <a href="http://survive.phillosoph.com/">here</a> for new content.</b>philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comBlogger553125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-89115530600396284392020-07-29T15:11:00.001+01:002020-07-30T12:59:17.560+01:00Many Thanks <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The last month has been a tough one, financially. My girlfriend has been allowed to reopen her business, but we had to spend a lot of money to meet new regulations arising from the pandemic. Unfortunately, the lockdown means that there is very little custom, so I suspect it will be a long time before we recover the monies spent. All this has left me so short of money I could not visit my lady. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Therefore I would like to extend a special and heartfelt thank you to the few of you that brought books over the last couple of months. The IRS took a big bite, as usual, but the little I did receive in royalties was certainly significant in keeping me out of the red. Some of you brought the recently updated new edition of <i>“Crash Combat”</i>. The Global edition of <i>“Attack, Avoid, Survive”</i> also took some takers, which is pleasing. I will keep the original edition on sale, but the Global edition has been significantly extended, so I recommend considering this version. I am a little disappointed that <i>“Survival Weapons”</i> has not seen any recent sales. This is an informative and useful book, and I think it should have received a much wider audience than it has. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As for my fiction stuff, let us just say level of sales has been consistent. A pity, since those who have read <i>“Anatopismo”</i> have enjoyed it and been very positive about it. Certainly not the worst novella that you will ever need. <i>“Hell-Ay: Angel Town”</i> was always going to be a bit of a niche book, but it seems its potential market has yet to discover it. Perhaps I should have pitched it as a travel book or tourist guide! A friend enjoyed the jokes and satire, so not a total loss.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Once again, thank you to those of you who have made purchases or have been kind enough to donate keep the blog running. If you have enjoyed the books or articles, or found them useful, please spread the word. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Many thanks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.angelfire.com/art/enchanter/epsdbook.html"><span style="color: #009eb8; font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Books</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
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<a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/crash-combat/paperback/product-22603842.html"><img alt="http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/crash-combat/paperback/product-22603842.html" border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="212" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdVzuxzwNWR2hSf2YdcTm8M1aXf6OlmScL1dR8NOJUS-fPswp0K7s2QULZVS25EcFEWGRPDsUeY83MqtJrd6Uxkqhf_-Elx0CUP6lgT4GPXthQA8ZbTV3Grhc2V4Jsoul2Zu4G_Dp93_8/s320/crash.jpg" width="211" /><span id="goog_222118339"></span></a><span id="goog_222118340"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/survival-weapons-optimizing-your-arsenal/paperback/product-21488758.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="http://www.lulu.com/shop/http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/survival-weapons-optimizing-your-arsenal/paperback/product-21488758.html" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHhN59QpUz_pS7X7DisN81RzdXAlhswxhBboH8cVf1kcK-oiYbkGTBEnTXKI2HKkvY0vYKNth1PGP-N8P0J59lmv5vLWq2S5eiYiAlPiANVsp3okR__21FWZDleSLSf_UUqVj4DbFTE4c/s1600/product_thumbnail.jpg" style="display: inline-block;" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirykmF1U2e5e2R_TtTm5xW2g_F6FuRSDF6k4O2G_1q9JtkB3htoRSgYpHOXAoad1zTtFp7rZUWKBN43NpegbfsFLPU01ZPtIKBwQF0xaBOBVssFTPb2bXm2bLMIkYqsZ5PJ36gEoQlQLQ/s1600/cover2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Hell-Ay-non-partisan-sourcebook-role-play-system-ebook/dp/B07FQSHSQC"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Hell-Ay-non-partisan-sourcebook-role-play-system-ebook/dp/B07FQSHSQC" border="0" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51SRB9SQIfL.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-3926288078978301802020-07-19T23:09:00.001+01:002020-07-20T11:18:50.245+01:00Compact Living Revisited<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Recently I read a sci-fi where it was described that a single individual’s living space was 200 square feet (just under 19 square metres). In many parts of our world this would be considered quite luxurious. Nevertheless, this got me thinking about strategies for <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/08/compact-living-space.html">compact living</a>, once again. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In my <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/08/compact-living-space.html">previous article</a>, I talked about maximizing natural light. I may not use curtains, but I did nag my landlord into fitting blinds in the living room. This room is south-facing, so sunlight is sometimes a problem on my computer and TV screen. I had asked for Venetian blinds (under orders from the girlfriend). Instead, he fitted roller blinds. These fit the criteria I specified in my previous article. They block the light when needed, yet provide no obstruction to lighting when not used. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">An area that was not considered in the previous article was the bathroom. Most bathrooms I have known were close to <a href="https://www.improvenet.com/a/7-awesome-layouts-that-will-make-your-small-bathroom-more-usable">minimum size already</a>. <i>(I imagine in Texas they probably have bathrooms you need to drive around!)</i>. As long as one side of the room is more than a metre and a half, I would like a bathtub. Mainly I shower, but sometimes my kidney or back bother me and a soak is welcome. Recently my washing machine broke down and my tub got used for laundry. A bath with a shower takes up little more room than a stand-alone shower. For smaller spaces, a deep, Japanese-style furo bath (with a shower fitting) might be practical. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">All a bathroom really needs is a sink, toilet and a bath and/or shower. Perhaps enough floorspace to undress or redress. You are unlikely to need all three facilities at the same time, so perhaps a folding sink can make more effective use of available space, folding out either over the bath or over the toilet. Some Japanese toilets feature a basin on the top of toilet tank. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The smallest configuration of bathroom has a toilet and sink, with a shower-head. The whole room serves as a shower cubicle, with a floor-mounted drain. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A mirror on the wall is not only useful, but creates the illusion of greater room and improves lighting. A sliding or outward opening door creates room. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A floor-mounted drain is a useful feature for any design of bathroom. A bathroom should also be well-ventilated too. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A small kitchen can be more efficient; it saves on unnecessary walking and reaching. Ventilation is an issue for small kitchens, however. Rather than a separate, enclosed room it may be better to have an open kitchen area, perhaps with a breakfast bar that can also be used for food and cookware storage. A sliding partition may be used to isolate the kitchen area if necessary. <a href="https://www.thekitchn.com/the-21-best-storage-ideas-for-small-kitchens-250395">Space-saving features</a> for a kitchen include a sink and stovetop that can be covered by a working surface. Due to the noise, an open kitchen is not a good location for a washing machine. If there is room, this may be better located in the bathroom.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Most places that I have lived have seemed short on storage space, no matter what their size. If you have a small room, rather than thinking of it as a small bedroom or spare room you may be better treating it as a large closet. Chances are you were using it for storage already. Go the full-hog and fit it with shelves, clothes rails, stackable boxes, ceiling hooks for bags and so on. Remove or sell furniture and items in this room that do not contribute to storage space. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This leaves the living area, which may double as the sleeping area. Some options for this were discussed in the previous article. A sofa bed is probably the most space-efficient option. A sofa that provides storage space for a Japanese futon and bedding is another option. A murphy-bed is a possibility, but occupies a large area of wall space that cannot then be used for many other purposes. I have a soft spot for cot beds, which seem to me somewhat more <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2015/03/beds-and-bugs-and-cots-and-carpets.html">hygenic</a> than traditional mattresses. A cot bed is light enough to be stood on end against a wall or side of a wardrobe when not in use. If beds are packed away during the day, storage space will be needed for bedding. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">For a single person’s dwelling, a sofa meets most seating needs. If long enough, it can serve as your bed, even if not a sofa-bed. If extra/ alternate seating is needed, folding chairs are worth considering. Storage boxes, with cushions, can also serve as seats. Cushions should be removable so that boxes can be used as steps to reach high storage areas. Obviously such boxes should be capable of taking your weight. A lightweight step-ladder is a good investment if you utilize the tops of shelving units and cupboards for storage. A folding table maybe useful if you need a desk or want to host a dinner party. Space under non-folding tables can be used for storage boxes. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Fitting shelves with doors gives you space to display paintings and photos without reducing storage space. </span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-5471305430401004182020-07-14T15:45:00.001+01:002020-07-14T15:45:39.229+01:00A Walk to the Park: Lessons learned.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The other day I went for a walk. As it turned out, I was overly ambitious. Due to lockdown and other issues, I have not got out of the house much recently, and this has had more of a toll than I anticipated. After about the fourth or fifth mile my feet were aching, and worse, my hip joins were giving me considerable trouble. I was not able to walk properly for several days after. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One of my excuses for making this trip was I wanted to test a pair of shoes for this blog. About halfway into the walk I realized this was not practical. I have flat feet and torn tendons. In other words, my feet are atypical and whatever I experience, good or bad, is not relevant to most readers. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">However, the day did yield a few lessons and observations that I thought I would pass on. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One thing I discovered is that I have lost some weight over the past few months. Normally this would be a good thing, but it meant my trousers were loose on me even with the belt drawn to the last notch. The shoes I was using also had less heel than my usual boots, which meant my trouser bottoms were catching and dragging on the ground. Rolled up, they would not stay up! I resorted to the safety pins in my EDC. I only had two, so this was only partially successful. Conclusion: add more safety pins to the EDC kit. At least half a dozen. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I could have used the two long cords in my pocket to improvise braces for my trousers. I was nearly at my destination by the time this occurred to me. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I was running late that morning, and was keen to get out. Thus, I forgot some things that might have been useful. I only realized that I had forgotten my iPod when I heard some idiot sqwarking down their phone. More importantly, perhaps, I should have added some boiled sweets to my bag. I had planned to buy something for breakfast along the way, but with lockdown there were fewer places open and I didn’t seem to get a chance. Keep a stock of sweets for travelling at “base camp”, and don’t eat them all watching the telly!<br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The second lesson from this is “make a list”! Do not just have a packing list for when the balloon goes up or the zombies arrive, but one for more mundane expeditions too. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If, like me, you have several rucksacs and daysacs, a practical idea is to have a box with your “rucksac things” in. When you get home, empty your <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2016/06/items-for-daysac.html">rucksac paraphernalia</a> into the box. When you head out, select items from the box and load them into whatever pack you have decided to use. And have a list! Not everything you might want will be in the box; at least one of my water-bottles lives in the fridge. Similarly, you pick and choose from the contents of the list. Warm hat and gloves may be low priority in summer, for example. <br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">What I did remember to add to my pack was a bottle of water, my boonie hat and a rain-poncho. The hat was for if it was really sunny; it wasn’t. The poncho, on the other hand, got used several times. This was my first time trying this particular one out and it came through very well. It is very light (240 g, in stuffsack) and was quick to unpack and put on. I also like that it covers my daysac as well as myself. Another feature that endears it to me is the stuffsack is so sized that it does not take a mastership of origami to get the poncho back in.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Multi-role solid-state communication and repair system.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Incidentally, I have made another modification to my EDC kit. Originally it did not contain a sewing kit. My travel sewing kit has seen a lot of use over the years, so I decided some sewing capability should be in the EDC. The weight of a single needle and thread is negligible, yet potentially very useful. In fact I have added two. One is a standard needle with about a metre of doubled invisible thread already attached. The other is a larger needle with just over half a metre of doubled stouter thread. I would have used dental floss for this normally, but had some kevlar cord from Shomer-tech that I wanted to try out. Both needles have been threaded beforehand and are carried taped to the side of my pencil. I gave them a few score strokes of a magnet so they may also serve as a navigation aid. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-10503604291951786892020-06-30T19:21:00.001+01:002020-07-06T10:54:58.121+01:00The Worlds of James Schmitz<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Science fiction is an important genre. Not only can it speculate on what might be, but often it holds a mirror up to what is. Being imaginative people, I suspect many of my readers enjoy a good sci-fi. Various names will spring to mind, but one that many of you may not think of is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Schmitz">James Schmitz</a>. That is a shame, since he is well worth a read. I have enjoyed his stories. His most well-known works are set in a community of planets called the Hub Worlds. The Hub Worlds grew from a long period of strife called “the War Centuries”. While Schmitz never states it directly, it is probable the Earth was one of the worlds lost during the conflict. A couple of stories mention characters from Earth, but this thread seems to have been dropped.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The structure of the Hub Worlds is not described in great depth. One gets the impression that planets or regions are allowed to administer themselves, provided certain statutes and laws are observed. An establishment called the Overgovernment exists, and presumably has jurisdiction over interstellar matters, such as exploration, colonization and peacekeeping. The Overgovernment seems to be concerned with strategy for the Hub Worlds and the humans within it. One instrument of the Overgovernment that features in many stories is the “Psychology Service”. The title itself is misdirection, since one of the Psychology Service’s primary concerns is the regulation and control of human psis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Psi-powers have an unusual status in the Hub Worlds. Machines that use psionic abilities are well-known, being used in the judicial process or for spaceport security. It also seems to be accepted that certain animals and aliens have psi-powers. Devices such as mind shields are worn by some. Officially, human psi-powers do not exist, however. One of the functions of the Psychology Service is to ensure that humans who do have psi-powers do abuse them or their fellow citizens. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Refreshingly, Schmitz does not make the Psychology Service the usual two-dimensional Gestapo-witchhunters. Often we see the Psychology Service using prudent and subtle measures. As noted in the essay “The Psychology Service: Immune System of the Hub” by Guy Gordon, <i>“The Psychology Service is not out to protect society by eliminating psis. Quite the contrary. They will protect the Federation by immunization. To eliminate psis would leave the Federation defenseless against external threats (such as the Elaigar), and internal threats such as undetected psis...instead controlling a serious problem as nondestructively as possible. More than that, they are trying to turn this serious problem into a strength...also pushing the use of psionic machines in the Federation. People with no psi talent of their own will be empowered to deal with psis. Mind shields are available for defense, and powerful mind-reading machines, such as the ones at the Orado City Space Terminal or Transcluster Finance, will provide the advantages of psi to ordinary people.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Gordon also notes: <i>“This attitude pervades the top level of the Federation Overgovernment. They treat the human species as an evolving animal and the Federation as an ecology. They aren’t out to create perfection. If survival is a good enough goal for nature, it’s good enough for the Federation and the Psychology Service.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Unlike some authors, Schmitz does not delve deeply into the </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>“</i></span>nuts and bolts</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>”</i></span> of his scenarios. Many of the themes are thought-provoking, however. An interesting discussion of the Overgovernment occurs in the story “The Demon Breed”</span>:<br />
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<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The nearest thing to a war the Hub’s known for a long time is when some sub-government decides it’s big enough for autonomy and tries to take on the Federation. And they’re always squelched so- quickly you can hardly call it a fight.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“So they are,” Ticos agreed. “What do you think of the Federation’s Overgovernment?”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">She hesitated. One of the least desirable after effects of a nerve gun charge that failed to kill could be gradually developing mental incoherence. If it wasn’t given prompt attention, it could result in permanent derangement. She suspected Ticos might be now on the verge of rambling. If so, she’d better keep him talking about realities of one kind or another until he was worked safely past that point. She said, “That’s a rather general question, isn’t it? I’d say I simply don’t think about the Overgovernment much.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Why not?”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Well, why should I? It doesn’t bother me and it seems able to do its job—as witness those squelched rebellious subgovernments.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“It maintains the structure of the Federation,” Ticos said, “because we learned finally that such a structure was absolutely necessary. Tampering with it isn’t tolerated. Even the suggestion of civil war above the planetary level isn’t tolerated. The Overgovernment admittedly does that kind of thing well. But otherwise you do hear a great many complaints. A recurrent one is that it doesn’t do nearly enough to control the criminal elements of the population.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Nile shook her head. “I don’t agree! I’ve worked with the Federation’s anticrime agencies here. They’re efficient enough. Of course they can’t handle everything. But I don’t think the Overgovernment could accomplish much more along those lines without developing an oppressive bureaucratic structure—which I certainly wouldn’t want.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“You feel crime control should be left up to the local citizenry?”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Of course it should, when it’s a local problem. Criminals aren’t basically different from other problems we have around. We can deal with them. We do it regularly.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Ticos grunted. “Now that,” he remarked, “is an attitude almost no Palach would be able to understand! And it seems typical of our present civilization.” He paused. “You’ll recall I used to wonder why the Federation takes so little obvious interest in longevity programs, eugenics projects and the like.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">She gave him a quick glance. Not rambling, after all? “You see a connection?”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“A definite one. When it comes to criminals, the Overgovernment doesn’t actually encourage them. But it maintains a situation in which the private citizen is invited to handle the problems they create. The evident result is that criminality remains a constant threat but is kept within tolerable limits. Which is merely a small part of the overall picture. Our society fosters aggressive competitiveness on almost all levels of activity; and the Overgovernment rarely seems too concerned about the absolute legality of methods used in competition. The limits imposed usually are imposed by agreements among citizen organizations, which also enforce them.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“You feel all this is a kind of substitute for warfare?”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“It’s really more than a substitute,” Ticos said. “A society under serious war stresses tends to grow rigidly controlled and the scope of the average individual is correspondingly reduced. In the kind of balanced anarchy in which we live now, the individual’s scope is almost as wide as he wants to make it or his peers will tolerate. For the large class of nonaggressive citizens who’d prefer simply to be allowed to go about their business and keep out of trouble, that’s a non-optimum situation. They’re presented with many unpleasant problems they don’t want, are endangered and occasionally harassed or destroyed by human predators. But in the long run the problems never really seem to get out of hand. Because we also have highly aggressive antipredators. Typically, they don’t prey on the harmless citizen. But their hackles go up when they meet their mirror image, the predator—from whom they can be distinguished mainly by their goals. When there are no official restraints on them, they appear to be as a class more than a match for the predators. As you say, you handle your criminals here on Nandy-Cline. Wherever the citizenry is making a real effort, they seem to be similarly handled. On the whole our civilization flourishes.” He added, “There are shadings and variations to all this, of course.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The harmless citizen, the predator and the anti-predator are ideal concepts. But the pattern exists and is being maintained.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“So what’s the point?” Nile asked. “If it’s maintained deliberately, it seems rather cruel.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“It has abominably cruel aspects, as a matter of fact. However, as a species,” said Ticos, “man evolved as a very tough, alert and adaptable creature, well qualified to look out for what he considered his interests. The War Centuries honed those qualities. They’re being even more effectively honed today. I think it’s done deliberately. The Overgovernment evidently isn’t interested in establishing a paradisiacal environment for the harmless citizen. Its interest is in the overall quality of the species. And man as a species remains an eminently dangerous creature. The Overgovernment restricts it no more than necessity indicates. So it doesn’t support the search for immortality—immortality would change the creature. In what way, no one can really say. Eugenics should change it, so eugenics projects aren’t really favored, though they aren’t interfered with. I think the Over-government prefers the species to continue to evolve in its own way. On the record, it’s done well. They don’t want to risk eliminating genetic possibilities which may be required eventually to keep it from encountering some competitive species as an inferior.” </span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The societal template that Schmitz seems to be suggesting the Federation has is interesting when viewed alongside the problems for utopian societies that <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2015/05/utopia-and-competition.html">Appleseed</a> raises. A friend suggested that <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2015/05/of-boxers-chariots-and-fandom.html">sport might serve as surrogate warfare</a>, but historically this has proved partially effective at best, and has often provided opportunities for crime. Major warfare is obviously undesirable, yet utopia is likely unattainable, and possibly undesirable. Does human nature mean the “simmering pot” is the best we can realistically hope for? Is <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/06/preventing-terrorist-attack.html">criminal and anti-social behavior</a> the price of personal freedom? In the introduction to “Crash Combat” I noted that most modern conflicts tend to be varieties of low-intensity warfare, local vendettas, guerrilla uprisings, terrorism, sabotage and civil disturbance. Whatever way you interpret this, some individuals will potentially suffer, and those may be your loved ones or yourself. Prudence suggest preparation!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-70095541926979855962020-06-10T12:33:00.000+01:002020-06-10T12:34:20.056+01:00Crash Combat now in Second Edition!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The eagle-eyed will have noticed that the cover of “Crash Combat” recently has acquired the addition “Second Edition”. The epub copy and book was actually updated in late May, but there were a few tweaks and things I wanted to triple check with the print copy so I chose to wait until I got the second proof copy before I made the launch official. This has cost me a bit more but I want readers to get the best quality product that I can provide them with via these mediums.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Crash Combat has gotten even better! Over a thousand words of additional text. New techniques and an extra illustration. Most of the additions are in the first part of the program, but I have gone through the rest of the book and polished a few spots. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">There has never been a better time to add Crash Combat to your self-defence library.</span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-32723744797523347412020-06-06T18:15:00.000+01:002020-06-06T23:37:37.800+01:00Combat Carry: The Hippy Configuration.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A friend of mine commented that Canadian troops were wedded to the idea of carrying at least six to seven magazines. Recently, I was reminded that many water-bottle pouches can hold five or six 30-round magazines. I also came across a comment pointing out that you do not want your magazine pouches where most troops actually carry them, at the front on the waist. Lousy to crawl with them at the front, worse to fall on. Not so comfortable if you have to sit down, and many armies now have more drivers than infantry. That is not necessarily a bad thing! A small force, well-supported, can achieve more than a large, poorly supported one. This is how many guerilla, terrorist and clandestine forces operate. There are relatively few “trigger-pullers” and a much larger number of support and intelligence-gatherers. Put the right person, in the right place, at the right time with the right tools.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Load-bearing equipment (LBE) tends to be designed with the infantry in mind, but most of its users will be signalers, engineers, gunners and drivers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Thinking further, most troops reload with their weak-side hand. (It might be different for some bullpups, but seems true for the M16, AKM and their relatives). It makes sense to have most of the ammo where the weak hand can easily reach it? Why not have a water-bottle/ utility pouch of magazines on the weak side of the belt, at the side? If you read my <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/01/vietnam-chest-rigs.html">blog on chest-rigs</a> you may recall the four-magazine pouches for the AK issued by some armies. Someone will object that all the magazines could get tipped out at once, so alternately, a pair of ALICE-type magazine “cases” that hold three magazines each. These would tend to sit at eight and ten “o’clock” on the belt (for right-handers), which may be more comfortable. Most rifle-magazine pouches available nowadays hold two magazines, and a pair of these will be less bulky. Additional magazines can be carried in chest or sleeve pockets or other locations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Some experimentation will be prudent. Pouches for three mags usually sit with the spines of the magazines towards the body. Side-on may be better. Pouches might be more accessible orientated obliquely or laid horizontally. And we need to remember the soldier may need to reload while prone.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The above arrangement puts 4 to 6 lbs on one side of your belt or harness, but there is a logical way to balance this. The soldier will use his grenades in his strong hand, so on the strong-side of the belt we put a pouch or pouches holding several grenades. When throwing prone, you lay on your weak-side, so it is logical to have your primary source of grenades on the strong-side. Perhaps some frags at two o’clock, pouches for one or two cylindrical grenades such as smoke bombs at four. Actual grenade load-out will depend on combat role and mission. Alternately, a smoke grenade pouch can carry a 500ml water-bottle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">So far we have one pouch or pouches on one side of the belt, another set on the other. Our soldier is well-armed, yet front and back areas of the belt region are relatively clear, allowing our soldier to comfortably sit in a vehicle or crawl if someone is shooting at him or he doesn’t want to be seen. No bulky butt-pack or kidney-pouches at the back that hinder him (or her) carrying a rucksack, or wave at the enemy as they crawl. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The front of the belt can be used for relatively small, low bulk items, such as a compass pouch and some shell-dressings. With a number of small pouches the front of the belt could end up looking like an old Garand ammo belt! <i>(above)</i> For non-infantry the front of the belt will probably end up carrying small specialist tools and items. For some personnel the grenades and magazines at the side may be replaced by larger utility pouches. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The back of the belt is clear so far. This clearly contributes to comfort when seated in a vehicle or carrying a long pack. Here I am going to revive my <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/01/project-camelbum.html">“camelbum” concept</a> and suggest a second belt, mounting two pouches. One pouch (clearly marked, and marked with blood group) contains an <a href="https://www.rescue-essentials.com/rescue-essentials-blog/what-is-an-ifak-and-why-you-need-one/">IFAK</a> (Immediate First Aid Kit) for the soldier. The other is the same model of pouch containing a two-litre water-bladder dimensioned to fit inside. Having their own belt allows these to be worn rather like a bumbag. They can be added when in high readiness and shunted round the front or to a more convenient position when the soldier is seated or carrying a pack.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">An entrenching tool or other tools can be shoved through the belt when needed, carried on the backpack when not. As I have <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2018/03/frogs-for-tools.html">discussed elsewhere</a>, carrying cases for such tools are superfluous, and have no place on the primary LBE. A small, fixed-blade utility knife of about 25cm loa. should be mounted over the weak-side pectorial muscle where it can be reached with either hand. See my books <a href="https://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/survival-weapons-optimizing-your-arsenal/paperback/product-21488758.html">Survival Weapons</a> and <a href="https://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/crash-combat/paperback/product-22603842.html">Crash Combat</a> for more on this. If a bayonet is carried, the logical place for it is on the weak-side of the belt, possibly mounted on the side of a magazine pouch in the manner of the British 58 webbing. A larger survival knife such as a machete or <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2012/09/why-kukri.html">kukri</a> should probably be attached to the trouser belt, so it remains on-person should the LBE need to be discarded in an emergency. The same is true of a handgun, which will likely be carried on the opposite side of the trouser belt.<a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/05/field-jacket-features.html"> Field jackets</a> and other garments should be modified/ redesigned so that tools and weapons carried in this manner are accessible. This arrangement places the survival knife in the space between the magazine pouch(es) and the trouser belt, and the handgun behind/ between the grenade pouches. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I have described this equipment configuration as mounted on a conventional LBE belt, but the basic concept should work with other carry systems. Rather than on the waist, those weak-side magazine pouches might be mounted in the area under the arm, and this gives some possible alternate configurations. For example, three dual-magazine pouches mounted horizontally or obliquely. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One currently fashionable item I have not mentioned above is the “dump-pouch” for empty magazines. What to do you do with those empty magazines? If fitted with a cord pull-loop (as described in <a href="https://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/survival-weapons-optimizing-your-arsenal/paperback/product-21488758.html">Survival Weapons</a>) you can clip them onto a snap-link on your LBE or <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/02/snap-links-galore.html">rucksack strap</a>, although this may admittedly be a challenge while most of your attention is understandably on more pressing concerns. Back in the day you might drop them down the front of your smock or jacket, but is difficult with modern combat wear and armour. The current solution is to fumble for a belt-mounted “dump pouch”, but the LBE belt is fairly crowded already and there may be more useful things that could use that space. There is an easier, simpler, more efficient and cheaper option. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Take a sandbag and cut off the bottom foot or so. Save the rest for making <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2018/11/camouflage-headgear-textilage.html">textilage</a>. Hem the new top edge of the bag. You may choose to add a drawcord here at this step, although the cord is not needed for the dump-sack role. Put a ring or loop at each top corner of the cord so you can tie or snap-link a strap or two to it. Straps should be easily adjustable for length, so should have some form of buckle. You may like to add a length of cord to each lower corner of the bag. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A sandbag is good because they are often readily available and the light tan colour is good for most environments. You can, however, make these bags out of any suitably coloured piece of cloth, including discarded or damaged combat wear and old tee-shirts. If you have access to a sewing machine, even a little cheap one, you can knock these out in minutes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">You will have to disguise the basic rectangular shape of the bag, so regardless of what you made it from, add some scraps of cloth and sandbag as textilage. Don’t forget the straps. Some bold blobs of any suitably coloured and contrasting paint you have handy can be added too. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Adjust your strap so the bag hangs from your neck, at about chest level. Use the lower cords to keep it in place if you wish. When you change magazines you can drop the empty into the open mouth of your neck bag. The bag also helps camouflage your chest area. Since this area is subject to body-shading it helps that the basic colour of the bag is light. The neck bag will fit over a <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/01/vietnam-chest-rigs.html">“reasonably-size” chest-rig</a> while still allowing access to magazines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The neck bag is a handy place to quickly stow anything else you come across during an operation. Bunch of materials or possessions that might provide intelligence? Drop them down your neck bag and examine them later. When not in use a bag easily rolls up and can be kept rolled by tying one of the corner cords into a slippery hitch. A quick tug and the bag can be unrolled. Such simple bags will provide useful for lots of other purposes. They are useful for foraging or supplying extra ammunition to crew-served weapons. Add a pair of snap-on straps, or use one <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2015/01/sandbags-alternate-uses.html">“Veshmeshok”</a>-style and use as a simple rucksack.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-80258791605092145242020-05-29T16:05:00.001+01:002020-05-29T16:12:42.886+01:00Hori-Hori for Survival.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One of the many things that became apparent after the American Civil War was that the infantryman needed a means to quickly construct earthworks.<a href="https://archive.org/details/hardtackcoffee00bill/page/26/mode/2up/search/intrenching">“Hardtack and Coffee”</a> informs us that the quartermaster of the army had wagons of intrenching tools [sic] that were supposed to be supplied to units that needed them. In practice, there was seldom time to send for these tools, and infantrymen resorted to digging with their tin plates or<a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/03/whats-mucket.html">muckets</a>. As you can see, there were attempts to modify spike bayonets for the role.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One of the solutions offered after the war was the Rice trowel bayonet, which began to see trials in the late 1860s. Available on-line is <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Reports_of_Experiments_with_Rice_s_Trowe.html?id=qUEqAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y">a document detailing the findings of the trails</a>. While a few officers expressed reservations, the opinion of the enlisted men and many other officers was overwhelmingly positive. The document describes “rifle-proof” parapets being constructed in as little as nine minutes.This would be impressive, even with <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2018/07/easier-entrechment.html">larger modern tools</a>. The trowel bayonet was clearly superior to the improvised means the troops had been using before. It also had sufficient size, heft and edge that it could be used to cut saplings and branches, something beyond the current spike bayonet. Many believed the large, spear-like blade would make a better bayonet than the spike bayonet. Breech-loading rifles were coming into service, and many were of the opinion that the bayonet might be becoming obsolete. If it wasn’t quite as good a bayonet as the weapon it replaced, this was tolerable and its greater utility made up for this. The main objection to the trowel bayonet was that troops might be tempted to dig with it while it was mounted on the rifle. This was likely to bend the barrel, damage the muzzle or block the bore. Shortly after the introduction of the trowel bayonet it was replaced with a trowel knife. This probably had a better grip than the trowel bayonet, but its rounded tip gives it a less war-like appearance and possibly it was of less utility as a hand weapon. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Bayonets continued to evolve, but along different lines. The next step was the sword-bayonet, intended to serve as bayonet or hanger. Some infantry had carried both bayonets and hangers. Napoleon’s guard around 1815 spring to mind as an example. By the 1880s most infantry had long since discarded the hanger, so effectively the sword bayonet was replacing an implement that was no longer carried. Nonetheless, many armies entered the 20th century with sword bayonets, and would be using them until the 1940s at least. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The idea of letting the infantry have their very own entrenching tools had taken root, however. Infantry entrenching tools got bigger and more sophisticated until they reached the form we know today. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As has been discussed before <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2015/08/digging-hoes.html">on this blog</a>, some of these tools are overkill for the non-military user. It is a hygienic cathole, rather than atomic-proof foxhole, that we generally need. There are little plastic trowels, of course, but these are not much use for anything else. The trowel bayonet suggests a relatively small digging tool can be a useful survival aid. Is there a modern equivalent?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Seeking to answer this took me to discover the hori-hori. In another blog I described how I had seen machetes used as jack of all trades by <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2013/08/machetes-for-gardeners.html">gardeners in Jamaica</a>. The hori-hori is a similar device, but more compact. Not surprisingly, these are Japanese. The ninja put a similar digging tool, the kunai, to various uses. The hori-hori were originally used for gathering wild foods, so technically are already survival tools. A variety of models of hori-hori are available, but the one I have has a 7.5 inch blade, so more compact than the 10 by 4inch blade of the original trowel bayonets. One edge is serrated, the other can be used to chop or cut, or will be once I sharpen it. (The packaging says it comes “razor sharp”, which apparently means “unsharpened”.) The blade is a broad spearpoint, with one side slightly concave, as suits its digging role. Mine came with a nice condura sheath. Unlike many survival knives, this is a tool the makers recommend that you can pry with. Price is a bit more than a normal trowel, but this can be offset against the fact that many gardeners think they do not need many tools other than their hori-hori. On the other hand, compared to many survival knives, the price is very reasonable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The hori-hori seems a pretty useful tool to have along on a trip or stored in an emergency kit. A useful backup or replacement for a survival knife. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-46887522697161200462020-05-26T15:18:00.001+01:002020-05-26T16:32:10.604+01:00LBE, M-1956.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">My friend Ralph Zumbro had often referenced “the Pentomic division”, so recently I read <i><a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a956178.pdf">“The Pentomic Era”</a></i> by A. C. Bacevich. This provides an interesting insight into the politics and mindset that was behind this phase of Army history. What the book does not provide is much detail on the actual organization of the Pentomic divisions. Thus, a few nights ago I could be found wading through an on-line copy of “Infantry”, 1957-1958.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One thing I came across was an article <i>(p.34, April-June 1958)</i> on the new “universal, individual load-carrying system.”. Although the designation is not used, this is the <a href="https://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_m1956_webgear.php">M-1956 system</a> that served in Vietnam and was replaced by what was essentially a nylon version. What caught my eye was the author divided the soldier’s load into three groupings: Battle load, existence load and protection and comfort load. “Combat load” was the battle and existence loads, “Full field load” was all three. Before entering “close combat” the soldier could jettison the existence load “except bayonet or fighting knife, first-aid pouch and other essential items”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">What were these loads?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The battle load was defined as the individual’s weapon and ammunition and weighed 25lb. This was still the era of the M1 Garand, although the M14 was just coming into service.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The existence load included emergency rations, medical items, canteen and canteen cup, toilet articles, one pair of socks, poncho and bayonet or fighting knife, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">and weighed 20lbs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The comfort load included a sleeping bag, extra clothing and “personal gear” and weighed </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">10lbs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The existence load was carried in the combat pack. Presumably the protection and comfort items could be stored in the sleeping bag carrier. An illustration in the article declares that clothing and other personal items can be carried inside the sleeping bag roll. Oddly, it shows a shaving kit, which you would think was a toiletry. Thus either load could be removed by just releasing a few clips. Full field load was therefore 55lbs. Compare this to the 1877 load in a <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/05/walk-heaps.html">previous article</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The idea of dividing and packaging the gear as several categories is interesting, although some of the details can be challenged. Why is the bayonet/ knife and first-aid pouch not part of the battle load? These would probably be carried on the webbing anyway, so would not be jettisoned with the combat pack/ existence load. One of the canteens on the webbing and part of the battle load makes sense, but the canteen cup is less vital and should be a pack item. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Essentially this approach has the soldier carrying two packs, the contents of each having different functions and different priorities. You can create a similar system by having a large pack and one or more smaller packs that clips onto or fits in the larger. It is a set of ideas to play around with. </span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-13084990631920441462020-05-22T17:12:00.002+01:002020-05-22T17:12:52.772+01:00Kephart: Dressing for Cold Weather<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Following the description on Kephart’s <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/05/kepharts-autumn-outfit.html">Autumn Outfit</a>, I will add his recommendations for dressing for cold weather:</span><br />
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Cold Weather Clothing.— The main fault of most cold weather rigs is that, paradoxically, they -re too hot. You go out into '“twenty-some-odd” below zero, all muffled up in thick underwear, overshirt, heavy trousers, and a 32-ounce (to the yard) <a href="https://www.thefedoralounge.com/threads/the-fedora-lounge-guide-to-mackinaw-coats.72055/">Mackinaw coat</a>. Very nice, until you get your stride. In half an hour the sweat will be streaming from you enough to turn a mill. By and by you may have to stand still for quite a while. Then the moisture begins to freeze, and a buffalo robe wouldn’t keep you warm. Conditions vary ; but for average winter work put on two suits of medium weight all-wool underwear, instead of one heavy one, moleskin trousers (heavy Mackinaws chafe), wool overshirt, Mackinaw shirt worn with tail outside, so it can easily be removed and worn behind you when not needed, the rubber “overs” and socks mentioned above, a Mackinaw cap with visor and ear flaps, large, old kid gloves, and thick, woolen mittens held by a cord around the neck. In buying Mackinaws get none but the best quality. Cheap Mackinaw is shoddy, or part cotton, and soaks up moisture like a sponge. A good grade sheds rain so long as the nap is not worn off; then it can be waterproofed by the lanolin process. It is noiseless, and stands rough usage. The natural gray color is best, except where the law requires you to wear red for protection against gun-bearing fools. (About this, saith our friend Crossman: “Yes, some fellow might take you for a deer if you wore an inconspicuous color in the woods, but what would you? He’d take you for a zebra if you wore green and yellow, or shoot you for a forest fire it you wore flaming crimson.”)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the previous section referenced to above Kephart writes:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Rubber Footwear.— I never wear waders for summer trout fishing, but early spring fishing is a different matter. Wading stockings require special hobnailed shoes to go over them. I prefer a pair of light hip boots and separate wading sandals studded with nails. This combination costs less than the other, is more durable, and the boots by themselves are serviceable for general wet weather wear, marsh shooting, and the like. Light rubber boots of first-class quality will last as long as the common heavy ones, and have the advantage that the legs can be turned inside out clear to the ankle for drying. They need not weigh over 3 or 3½ pounds to the pair, and the sandals a pound more — together no more than the high-topped leather boots that I have been objurgating. Have them large enough for both socks and oversocks, then your feet are not likely to get “scalded”. Carry a couple of “eezy-quick” menders, and have a rubber repair kit among your possibles in camp. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">For hunting big game In wet snow and slush the best footwear is a pair of rubber shoes with ten-inch leather uppers, weighing a bit over two pounds. They should have heels, if you go into a hilly country, and rough corrugated soles. Dress the feet with soft woolen socks, and over these draw a pair of long, thick <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/05/kepharts-autumn-outfit.html">“German socks”</a> that strap at the top. The latter are warmer than the loose felt boots worn by lumbermen, lighter, more flexible, fit better, and are easier to dry out. The rubbers should fit properly over the heavy socks, neither too tight nor too loose, but especially not too tight or you risk frostbite! Thus equipped, a still-hunter is “shod with silence.” For cold weather the vital necessity is suppleness of the foot, and here you have it.</span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-74813684043516246282020-05-18T22:14:00.000+01:002020-06-07T16:51:19.611+01:00Walk-A-Heaps<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When it comes to the Indian Wars, it is the cavalry that gets the glory and screen-time. In reality, the infantry or <i>“walk-a-heaps”</i> (as Sioux are reported to have called them) played a significant role. Prolonged travel tires horses. Over a period of weeks seasoned infantry can outdistance cavalry or other horse-mounted raiders. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">It seems some of the <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2016/12/horseshoe-rolls-blankets-and-gum.html">lessons learnt during the War between States</a> were retained. I came across this interesting passage in the Osprey book “Men-at-Arms 063: The American Indian Wars 1860-1890”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Osprey “Men-at-Arms 438: US Infantry in the Indian Wars 1865-91” notes: <i>“Most infantrymen on campaign preferred to leave their packs behind at barracks, and carried personal items rolled in blankets slung around their bodies. When the 5th Infantry were ordered on campaign in July 1876. each soldier took only a blanket, a shelter-half, an extra pair of shoes and one change of underwear, plus weapons and ammunition. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibley_tent">Sibley tents</a>, iron stoves and other unit gear were carried in company wagons; more lightly equipped columns used pack mules.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">No information on how many wagons a company had is given, but <a href="https://archive.org/details/hardtackcoffee00bill/page/352/mode/2up/search/wagon">“Hardtack and Coffee”</a> informs us that each ACW Union Infantry company would have two wagons and five for the Regimental HQ.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Men at Arms 438 provides the information that companies were small units compared to modern versions:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Note that only one wagoner is listed. Later on in this section it is stated the average size of a company would be 35 men. The company was the key operational unit. If a company was relatively small, the platoon level was omitted. A platoon had two sections, each of two or more squads. Typically a squad would be a corporal and seven privates. Interestingly, military reformer <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PQxXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Emory+Upton%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBpeehh_DpAhWXi1wKHacTBqwQ6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q&f=false">Emory Upton</a> proposed soldiers manoeuvre and skirmish in units of four, so squads might be further divided.</span><br />
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-60836630649606318752020-05-14T15:56:00.000+01:002020-06-06T12:25:57.170+01:00Kephart's Autumn Outfit.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I was certain I had posted Kephart’s list for cold weather trips. Apparently not, so here it is. For many decades I unsuccessfully tried to find out what “German socks” were. Thanks to the <a href="https://archive.org/details/AbercrombieAndFitch1907Catalogue/page/n121/mode/2up">catalogue here</a> the mystery is finally solved!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This version of the Autumn outfit is taken from the 1921 version of Camping and Woodcraft, Vol.2 p.143-6:</span><br />
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Kephart:</b> The man who goes out alone for a week or so in the fall of the year, or at an altitude where the nights always are cold, should be fit to carry on his back from 40 to 50 pounds at the outset—of course the pack lightens as he consumes rations. I am not including weight of gun, cleaning implements, and ammunition. He should wear woolen underwear of medium weight, thick and soft woolen socks, army overshirt, kersey or moleskin trousers, leather belt with pockets (not loops) for clips [sic. more likely chargers or stripper-clips than clips] or loose cartridges, hunting shoes of medium height for ordinary use, felt hat, and, at times, buckskin gloves.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In his pack there would be a spare suit of underwear and hose, a cruiser or “stag” shirt of best Mackinaw, moccasins or leather-topped rubbers, and German socks.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In pockets and on the belt he would carry the same articles mentioned in <a href="https://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/03/kepharts-summer-outfit.html">my summer* hiking list</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A mere shelter cloth is too breezy for this season (there will be no opportunity to build a thatched camp, as the hunter will be on the move from day to day). He needs a half-pyramid tent, say of the Royce pattern (Vol.I., pp.85-91) but somewhat smaller, and weighing not over 4 pounds.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Bedding is the problem; a man carrying his all upon his back, in cold weather, must study compactness as well as lightness of outfit. Here the points are in favor of sleeping-bag vs. blankets, because, for a given insulation against cold and draughts, it may be so made as to save bulk as well as weight. For a pedestrian it need not be so roomy as the standard ones, especially at the foot end. Better design one to suit yourself, and have an outfitter make it up to order, if you have no skill with the needle. An inner bag of woolen blanketing, an outer one of knotted wool batting, and a separate cover of cravenetted khaki or Tanalite—the weight need not be over 8 pounds complete. Your campfire will do the rest.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A browse bag is dispensed with, for you will carry an axe and can cut small logs to hold in place a deep layer of such soft stuff as the location affords.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The short axe may be of Hudson Bay or Damascus pattern. There should be a small mill file to keep it in order, besides the whetstone. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The ration list is based on. the assumption that the hunter’s rifle will supply him, after the first day or two, with at least a pound of fresh meat a day. If it does not, go elsewhere.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">There are plenty of good ways to cook without boiling, stewing, or roasting in an oven (see Vol.I.), which are processes that require vessels too bulky for a foot traveler to bother with.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Either the Whelen pack sack or a large Duluth one will carry the whole outfit. Both have the advantage that they can be drawn up to smaller dimensions as the pack decreases in size, or for carrying the day’s supplies when most of the outfit is cached at or near camp.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The following outfit is complete, save for gun, ammunition and cleaning implements.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">For a longer trip than one week, a reserve of provisions can be cached at some central point in the hunting district.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">AUTUMN OUTFIT</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Pack sack, with tump strap...2lb 12oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Tent...4lb</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Sleeping-bag...8lb</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Pillow bag*...3oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Rubber cape*...1lb 5oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Mackinaw stag shirt...1lb 8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Spare underwear, 1 suit...1lb 8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Spare socks, 2 pairs...5oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Moccasins...1lb</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">German socks...12oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Axe and muzzle...1lb 12oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Cooking kit, dish towel, tin cup*...2lb 2oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Cheese cloth...2oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Mill file, 6 in...2oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Whetstone*...2oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Pliers*...4oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Wallet, fitted*...6oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Twine*...2oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Toilet articles*...6oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Talcum powder*...2oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Toilet paper*...1oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">First aid kit*...5oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Spare matches, in tin...6oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Alpina folding lantern...8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Candles, ½ doz...8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Emergency ration <span style="color: black;">[probably the “camper’s emergency ration” mentioned on p.167]</span>...8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Tobacco, in wpf. bag...8</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Spare pipe...3</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><br />
</span></span></span> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Total pack without provisions ...28lb 120z</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><br />
</span></span></span> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">One Week’s Rations (not including fresh meat)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Flour...4lb</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Baking powder...4oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Meal, cereal...1lb oz8</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Milk powder...8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Butter...8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Bacon...2lb</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Egg powder...8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Raisins...8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Dried apricots, prunes...1lb</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Sugar...1lb</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Chocolate...12oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Coffee...8oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Tea...2oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Salt...4oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Total [weight of food]...13lb 6oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Provision bags, etc...10oz</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Total...14lb</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><br />
</span></span></span> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><b>Pack complete...42lb 12oz</b></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The articles starred (*) are same as in <a href="https://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/03/kepharts-summer-outfit.html">summer hiking list</a> already given.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Moccasins are to be large enough to fit over the German socks. This foot-gear is used in still hunting in dry weather, and on cold nights. The camper sleeps, when it is frosty, in fresh underwear and socks, army shirt (dried before the fire after the day’s use), trousers, stag shirt, neckerchief rigged as hood, German socks, and moccasins. When he has to get up to replenish the fire, or in case of any alarm, he springs from his bed attired <i>cap-a-pie</i>.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirykmF1U2e5e2R_TtTm5xW2g_F6FuRSDF6k4O2G_1q9JtkB3htoRSgYpHOXAoad1zTtFp7rZUWKBN43NpegbfsFLPU01ZPtIKBwQF0xaBOBVssFTPb2bXm2bLMIkYqsZ5PJ36gEoQlQLQ/s1600/cover2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-26834624399481153102020-05-13T16:58:00.001+01:002020-05-13T16:58:47.529+01:00Camouflage: Does Size Matter?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This particular train of thought probably started as I was watching Westworld. In one scene we see a parked truck, as shown below:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinoyY9uZWzlz8oK7kTXyqEijO7O34vOBMZJmpnevlng2W1bshT6FU2gvACgxgZoA3FX7WR11w_nTyFGgqJIeUfXzT49pJCNeAgDBixq9VX3EXrdFgGSYEWE9id8tfbG5svdtgb0aFf-Ck/s1600/5ea63e3aa34b3c5884047b23.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="900" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinoyY9uZWzlz8oK7kTXyqEijO7O34vOBMZJmpnevlng2W1bshT6FU2gvACgxgZoA3FX7WR11w_nTyFGgqJIeUfXzT49pJCNeAgDBixq9VX3EXrdFgGSYEWE9id8tfbG5svdtgb0aFf-Ck/s640/5ea63e3aa34b3c5884047b23.webp" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Geometric urban camouflage patterns are nothing new, of course. What is notable about this example is the use of obliques, and the size of the elements used. The pattern appeared even more effective on the show than it does in the still. My eye kept losing parts of the shape and I had to remind myself that I was looking at a truck. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I have reached the conclusion that shape-disruption is one of the most important properties of a camouflage, and that this is where so many modern camouflage schemes fail. To hide a man we must first stop him appearing man-shaped. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The other day I happened across a booklet I have called <a href="https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/camouflage-simply-explained/">“Camouflage Simply Explained” by Lt.-Col. Cyril H. Smith</a>. Leafing through it I came across a statement that hiding an objects shape required bold patterns. The section on personal camouflage draws from <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/08/langdon-davies-home-guard-camouflage.html">Langdon-Davies</a>, but the pattern illustrated by Smith is different from the one Langdon-Davies suggests for field and forest. As you can see, it uses large, bold elements. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQYxwdY8kcOPyRPz8XPP3YwlJj2CiLtFz9rSnC5dIYDBm0Z8c4slwNebgpmkF7fto-vcLamhQvSEVitr0_mZEo_1YqN1F_mDrfnVdvYtbCON7oVg-DJ9E9TJAOM1mkgKN9JEetTGAZ6D4/s1600/Scan_20200513-min.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="399" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQYxwdY8kcOPyRPz8XPP3YwlJj2CiLtFz9rSnC5dIYDBm0Z8c4slwNebgpmkF7fto-vcLamhQvSEVitr0_mZEo_1YqN1F_mDrfnVdvYtbCON7oVg-DJ9E9TJAOM1mkgKN9JEetTGAZ6D4/s640/Scan_20200513-min.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtF_Eh5tJVoKTCHXPypGCtAbdMXiqkLOKDP_sjuAZkjDvh65o0O58nyuS0x88qE75BC3CXA0huMKAKW9qGS6eN_79s45RB79C263yY1PlSrd6TgC_g6wET1xW12PHgcxl51fbT02TAVMc/s1600/18664257_1560341273990126_8383788018045677574_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtF_Eh5tJVoKTCHXPypGCtAbdMXiqkLOKDP_sjuAZkjDvh65o0O58nyuS0x88qE75BC3CXA0huMKAKW9qGS6eN_79s45RB79C263yY1PlSrd6TgC_g6wET1xW12PHgcxl51fbT02TAVMc/s640/18664257_1560341273990126_8383788018045677574_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRku_sSfTcNn648OZvDxoWWSa84CDP6xorjwh5wmw1f8bL8EFY_xSNBOSFQ6lOB2D0BNgWGEfwYoko2SPrY0jNAlftS_LyTixpSva5djMXMu0G-Amv0lrd81VVH6t3QyKrfqWHL8MnAsY/s1600/18739934_1560341267323460_2350258981525987931_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRku_sSfTcNn648OZvDxoWWSa84CDP6xorjwh5wmw1f8bL8EFY_xSNBOSFQ6lOB2D0BNgWGEfwYoko2SPrY0jNAlftS_LyTixpSva5djMXMu0G-Amv0lrd81VVH6t3QyKrfqWHL8MnAsY/s640/18739934_1560341267323460_2350258981525987931_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim5t8-AQvJp1AZOwSUb2nsScoH4Ye-AP4pte6XU1HXFJSFM-HxJmw5q3_HS7dDZ2FQ4Ucq_uivjr26yIsMf7tAZAokFiejY85krGYCNGFpYDjCuDxvjIG7sIkMI0K_f9oBJiY6KVvYYyE/s1600/18620028_1560341317323455_5157724948482853312_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim5t8-AQvJp1AZOwSUb2nsScoH4Ye-AP4pte6XU1HXFJSFM-HxJmw5q3_HS7dDZ2FQ4Ucq_uivjr26yIsMf7tAZAokFiejY85krGYCNGFpYDjCuDxvjIG7sIkMI0K_f9oBJiY6KVvYYyE/s320/18620028_1560341317323455_5157724948482853312_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This pattern is similar to those given by <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/08/langdon-davies-home-guard-camouflage.html">Langdon-Davies</a> for rocky and urban terrain. Bold patterns, using proportional large elements. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Smith also addresses the camouflage of RAF aircraft, which also shows bold, large elements. These patterns were used well into the jet age. Similar patterns are used by some Russian ground vehicles. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivzuowR5JKjDUGlcUA8qflBAn7VIS6eZvlheC20hoHFexidm1l6gcKYKvdbL0eGtLN2fenGcyPACw8ZqkpAuW4C06DTGgsCcZ2GuosFVsY2yfObJacFXE0tQ4oal8_eSCD4sAthlakdno/s1600/61729-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="390" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivzuowR5JKjDUGlcUA8qflBAn7VIS6eZvlheC20hoHFexidm1l6gcKYKvdbL0eGtLN2fenGcyPACw8ZqkpAuW4C06DTGgsCcZ2GuosFVsY2yfObJacFXE0tQ4oal8_eSCD4sAthlakdno/s640/61729-min.jpg" width="486" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFc4dYYXfAiU1wcDXbnnzp-utkA53ulhXqzFKYKLh06Ikbiiw6r3DfuHrx3YpXV1LkDGEhq8P3CEBOw-8ttBAEC3Tox6QwfMfrByl3ZpQryVzuefvKPKGW44wtjiST9a_OTgRM27I6VtY/s1600/12233554933_8e19e1513c_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="1024" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFc4dYYXfAiU1wcDXbnnzp-utkA53ulhXqzFKYKLh06Ikbiiw6r3DfuHrx3YpXV1LkDGEhq8P3CEBOw-8ttBAEC3Tox6QwfMfrByl3ZpQryVzuefvKPKGW44wtjiST9a_OTgRM27I6VtY/s400/12233554933_8e19e1513c_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">RAF patterns were painted adhering to a template, so all aircraft of the same type should have an identical pattern (although in the early part of the Second World War the pattern was mirrored for even-numbered aircraft).</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I don’t know how these schemes were arrived at, but observe:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Band width loosely approximates the height of the fuselage. </span></span>
</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Bands may branch.</span></span>
</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Bands are oblique</span></span>
</li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Bands typically divide a wing or fuselage into between four and eight parts. This may be more on long-bodied aircraft. </span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Looking for similar camouflage schemes turned up some interesting images:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjay6wTayOB0I6lbX7lQQkbo5VNyC0ZYoS7SLMBjw5nWZgpn8aW0Mw1_CJsvhfrC5lU_5_tfO3IPYiYFZmn6SOnBZt6UhsXMti6jTs6jOrCvAGFpBAKkBXFq5RMN9dWfmBsnNAqwUxnT2w/s1600/02db1b58b3d2dc582ce28ca871d2cc8b-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="512" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjay6wTayOB0I6lbX7lQQkbo5VNyC0ZYoS7SLMBjw5nWZgpn8aW0Mw1_CJsvhfrC5lU_5_tfO3IPYiYFZmn6SOnBZt6UhsXMti6jTs6jOrCvAGFpBAKkBXFq5RMN9dWfmBsnNAqwUxnT2w/s320/02db1b58b3d2dc582ce28ca871d2cc8b-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUNytMvksA14VR7QwKX3-vbRN39BhBthYwo5VVhOWsDg1WAnXnglNRA6MFt_UXdTpDCyPNWcEL1R2BiUBNmwh_NCdUy50IROWWLSPWp8NGd2VxUWxZ2bOFGZ3KsnBjqR-pO5hZ9pn4xqs/s1600/17058-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUNytMvksA14VR7QwKX3-vbRN39BhBthYwo5VVhOWsDg1WAnXnglNRA6MFt_UXdTpDCyPNWcEL1R2BiUBNmwh_NCdUy50IROWWLSPWp8NGd2VxUWxZ2bOFGZ3KsnBjqR-pO5hZ9pn4xqs/s1600/17058-min.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-GVKIVuOfUHzDgZvNqztKeOsw4NlYIExV_yappqRoK7B6dh_KW7cGPB7PFiLO3sqPrhxn_TUQuYSrLtIfhXX-mAAj_j66ZrnW7wKamtImdaa28ck2nwpAWNjWTCYelEnjlULdmdzeMg/s1600/26186687c20840284038f9483c71e2c5--home-guard-snipers-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-GVKIVuOfUHzDgZvNqztKeOsw4NlYIExV_yappqRoK7B6dh_KW7cGPB7PFiLO3sqPrhxn_TUQuYSrLtIfhXX-mAAj_j66ZrnW7wKamtImdaa28ck2nwpAWNjWTCYelEnjlULdmdzeMg/s1600/26186687c20840284038f9483c71e2c5--home-guard-snipers-min.jpg" /> </a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC6XUHJBhEH4WtyaRFz1HHxi1EpcT_9nA5r5O9O-pKNRB1nQtUK8byhrIEM1RBEuMGqA1u5g6gSj7atSykxIGWFmj6vDDz1zELTbh5DRM8-ZDJguFtbYUMf_ZvQHlB0sf78aVTDJJkbWw/s1600/camoufl-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="463" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC6XUHJBhEH4WtyaRFz1HHxi1EpcT_9nA5r5O9O-pKNRB1nQtUK8byhrIEM1RBEuMGqA1u5g6gSj7atSykxIGWFmj6vDDz1zELTbh5DRM8-ZDJguFtbYUMf_ZvQHlB0sf78aVTDJJkbWw/s320/camoufl-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZB0PSUwdYMURgY-9GmSBRaMB9GNGaInJZoML7_8lV3It0FDM200zqAJYHRxyKGxrmAmcdJcvohvw5nIZyVcfrbpXoTLOzJfdPmyq900PsaSB7VbCX3j0pJAcM2imVtZdTOylLRfF8D1Q/s1600/guingot-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="438" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZB0PSUwdYMURgY-9GmSBRaMB9GNGaInJZoML7_8lV3It0FDM200zqAJYHRxyKGxrmAmcdJcvohvw5nIZyVcfrbpXoTLOzJfdPmyq900PsaSB7VbCX3j0pJAcM2imVtZdTOylLRfF8D1Q/s320/guingot-min.jpg" width="273" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwJ8uivMZLKLmhxNsd2icvb16I_LVwD8EDzE51pMG-W8T94O64Hf41XJoZUiiOqH6K1Z3nPOpzLb6-237WXwq7wMVJwdahA8Zn6EFvz6itV40strAY4adjLwFeIMKaKr46Mi8WUId4dLw/s1600/image_src_guingot-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="512" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwJ8uivMZLKLmhxNsd2icvb16I_LVwD8EDzE51pMG-W8T94O64Hf41XJoZUiiOqH6K1Z3nPOpzLb6-237WXwq7wMVJwdahA8Zn6EFvz6itV40strAY4adjLwFeIMKaKr46Mi8WUId4dLw/s320/image_src_guingot-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The last three are interesting, since they may be the first ever camouflage jackets known by the term. Created by the artist Louis Guingot, the pattern was called <i>“Léopard”</i>. Only five examples were made. Shows good contrast between the elements and uses natural-looking hues of green and brown. Could teach many latter efforts a thing or two!</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQxWWFrOgv0zSEe1T55C4sGDpq8TM1rYa8wxdoxMS-Kz6k9zd16S4GsXAL4Z9gUhqbSZ7cY-Qp4MWnaa8vSE6u8m4Hhye7tmf2WlQ-42fjgQyYNx4aZKxi-RDfIj8oNcss-yvQvRDWptQ/s1600/C4D55_KWIAAbq6R-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="382" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQxWWFrOgv0zSEe1T55C4sGDpq8TM1rYa8wxdoxMS-Kz6k9zd16S4GsXAL4Z9gUhqbSZ7cY-Qp4MWnaa8vSE6u8m4Hhye7tmf2WlQ-42fjgQyYNx4aZKxi-RDfIj8oNcss-yvQvRDWptQ/s320/C4D55_KWIAAbq6R-min.jpg" width="238" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5f-qKiakKJDps_My2FNzafAhttDTjx208haEbqBGxmhjiX05OSbMhyphenhyphen9jZjh97AILYxF2yRboNvnUhS35dtGP2oRPs469HRx31X1ZWmUTWLc37JoNvlGEnwyx-dkcehliD6cEutZ5hrJs/s1600/DG78LVCXcAAQAJ5-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="512" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5f-qKiakKJDps_My2FNzafAhttDTjx208haEbqBGxmhjiX05OSbMhyphenhyphen9jZjh97AILYxF2yRboNvnUhS35dtGP2oRPs469HRx31X1ZWmUTWLc37JoNvlGEnwyx-dkcehliD6cEutZ5hrJs/s320/DG78LVCXcAAQAJ5-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4nNWra9_3U4EphPBOYSslW8l0NwE_a_r0V4Oj5nh9cM7AtS3e1VJz0Lqc9Jk2iFtCcrUNe16X7JWuA6nUWo40eAoP_iaOAEpBQertxzlt_YIq5-NkFw3YGiAEUxetqkT_PfJLljCOhTI/s1600/DG78LVDW0AAPkeW-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="512" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4nNWra9_3U4EphPBOYSslW8l0NwE_a_r0V4Oj5nh9cM7AtS3e1VJz0Lqc9Jk2iFtCcrUNe16X7JWuA6nUWo40eAoP_iaOAEpBQertxzlt_YIq5-NkFw3YGiAEUxetqkT_PfJLljCOhTI/s320/DG78LVDW0AAPkeW-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Some charming attempts at <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/08/langdon-davies-home-guard-camouflage.html">Langdon-Davies’ sniper suits</a>. He would not approve of the separate eyeholes and pink flesh visible, however!</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Curious, I performed a little experiment using a pattern I generated. Like most modern camouflages, the pattern is too green, but will serve to investigate the effects of element size. The same pattern was resized so that it was 250, 350, 500, 600, 750 and 1000 pixels square. Results suggest that even larger elements may be more effective. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj54eqR__atUebC1bYhPeUPmuYoZePmZFz8tmyQNL2FwdUD5us740zDyZrowS_65yi2XfGUHA2oqNEwX30AgEWulYnq4uEcG4ACS4H4dlaitK3Cqg0Va52X_-4SmXz4FCdKqGtjimrZaUY/s1600/view-min.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1344" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj54eqR__atUebC1bYhPeUPmuYoZePmZFz8tmyQNL2FwdUD5us740zDyZrowS_65yi2XfGUHA2oqNEwX30AgEWulYnq4uEcG4ACS4H4dlaitK3Cqg0Va52X_-4SmXz4FCdKqGtjimrZaUY/s640/view-min.png" width="536" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-62493489782973966592020-05-06T21:40:00.000+01:002020-05-07T13:22:00.289+01:00Field Jacket Features.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Yesterday I wrote about the consideration of <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/05/victorian-shades-of-grey.html">grey uniforms for the Victorian British Army</a>. During my researches I turned up a rather nice example of a grey uniform that was used in the Sudan. This has a number of interesting features, other than its colour. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuHCd5Q-eekrhJ1m6qpZeTWLK3dCOVYqNU0VJgiHNq1xdleZ-y-ikY4YPbaCWwLKY_oragSUhcWt5H_Qe8yac92O8ojzz0Z6CoAtCzr4D0s4s8z1zG0PcoFAhvR3WlJkYJfOArwlgLtxI/s1600/45765cccc7e49945eaa37745aeb861de.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="375" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuHCd5Q-eekrhJ1m6qpZeTWLK3dCOVYqNU0VJgiHNq1xdleZ-y-ikY4YPbaCWwLKY_oragSUhcWt5H_Qe8yac92O8ojzz0Z6CoAtCzr4D0s4s8z1zG0PcoFAhvR3WlJkYJfOArwlgLtxI/s400/45765cccc7e49945eaa37745aeb861de.jpg" width="250" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The buttons appear to be brass, showing that the recommendation of using low visibility bronze with the grey uniforms had not been acted upon. The grouping of the buttons confirms the claim that this tunic was worn by a Coldstream Guard. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Other than the colour the most noticeable feature is what appear to be two pleats in the front. If you look carefully you will see these pleats conceal vertical pocket openings that begin just below the second button group. Vertical breast pockets are a common feature of Norfolk jackets. Vertical “Napoleon” pockets are a useful feature if you wear equipment straps. The suitability the Norfolk design for military service was one of the topics discussed in the account of the House of Commons proceedings reproduced in yesterday’s blog. Another feature of Norfolk jackets is the shoulder area is designed for maximum freedom of movement when aiming and positioning a rifle or shotgun. This may account for the atypical cut of the tunic shoulders in the photo. The position of the lower pockets is also unusual. Perhaps placing them further to the sides was more comfortable if the soldier was crawling or firing prone. This position might also make the pockets more accessible if ammunition pouches are worn. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Norfolk jackets provided inspiration for another variety of 19th century military tunic. Some varieties of Spanish and Philippine hot climate tunics incorporated Norfolk features. Some very nice examples are shown on this <a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/1/blogger.g?tab=mj&blogID=2905322808239229530">website</a>. The provision of four lower cargo pockets is a nice feature. I also like the side vents that allow access to a pistol, knife or sword worn on a belt beneath the tunic. Attaching a pistol and survival knife to the trouser belt is a sound strategy. If you have to dump your webbing, for example during a river crossing, you still have a useful tool and weapon. Here it is worth stressing that your primary survival gear should be in your <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/08/skin-level-survival-edc.html">trouser pockets</a>. Jacket and shirt pockets are mainly for clothing accessories and useful items.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpZw7ZGLf83j6z0ptKJoX6Vf-SnSWJSGMVf7fjZdhOq_YEMw2iW6edSD3LKMzqpWnbAOO3l3jG7S1Vq7asTjwOVbstvd7yThsaF4tFd5_gOqvHZFwlRvka5Nr9rDJoACVyu6AwLLz-1Hw/s1600/LR4070801PHhw-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="640" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpZw7ZGLf83j6z0ptKJoX6Vf-SnSWJSGMVf7fjZdhOq_YEMw2iW6edSD3LKMzqpWnbAOO3l3jG7S1Vq7asTjwOVbstvd7yThsaF4tFd5_gOqvHZFwlRvka5Nr9rDJoACVyu6AwLLz-1Hw/s320/LR4070801PHhw-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Why am I interested in a pair of 19th century tunics? It should be clear they both have a number of features that would still be desirable in a modern field jacket.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Most outdoor coats need more pocket space. This is particularly true in cold weather. Put away a scarf, hat and gloves and your pockets are probably full or overflowing. That may explain why you so often see dropped gloves in the street. Many soldiers complain they cannot use the lower pockets because of their ammunition pouches, but not all servicemen are infantry. Lower pockets should be deep, large and wide for easy accessibility. Having four, like the Filipino jacket, and pocket at the flanks, like both designs is worth considering. Horizontal pockets over the kidneys and a storage pocket in the tail for soft items are features other combat jackets have used. Sleeve pockets are more accessible if the soldier is prone or wearing body armour. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Many field jackets are too warm. It is preferable to have an unlined, or partially lined and add additional clothes beneath if it is cold. Multiple, thin garments can be dried more easily than a lesser number of thicker, lined garments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Size is another feature to consider when selecting a field jacket. You want to get it at least a size bigger than your bush shirt. This gives room for air to circulate in hot weather and space to wear warm clothing beneath in the cold. For the same reasons, the shirt you wear beneath your field coat needs room for several layers of underwear if needed. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-58801094283991583852020-05-05T22:33:00.000+01:002020-05-10T12:55:09.073+01:00Victorian Shades of Grey<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Today I came across an interesting <a href="https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/166804-when-did-the-british-army-adopt-khaki/">thread on a forum</a>: This establishes that khaki (beige)/ drab uniforms had been adopted for their resemblance to mud or dirt rather than vegetation. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Further down were two intriguing extracts:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD4nCuJXbHXYhAkFD5VWU7u4RCANjuNtZCk92JS0yBTZeQGtcfUNlRJp_3K-TbjwDffa7R20pj-bhjPOrqgmz2fe-l7H9LJmcowLucJQT3VuMq2pkBpWmVaJKUsHzVoQxuIFYpPnzGZRM/s1600/rc9063.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="378" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD4nCuJXbHXYhAkFD5VWU7u4RCANjuNtZCk92JS0yBTZeQGtcfUNlRJp_3K-TbjwDffa7R20pj-bhjPOrqgmz2fe-l7H9LJmcowLucJQT3VuMq2pkBpWmVaJKUsHzVoQxuIFYpPnzGZRM/s320/rc9063.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The article from The Times reports some experiments performed to study the effect of uniform colour on visibility. The term “camouflage” would not be coined until the First World War. The recommendation is for the adoption of a tunic, trousers, greatcoat and helmet cover in the grey then currently worn by the 3rd Devonshire Volunteers (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Devonshire_Artillery_Volunteers">3rd Devonshire Artillery Volunteer Corps</a>?). A tunic of scarlet, blue or green would be worn with the dress uniform and one of grey used for undress and active service. I have been unable to determine how light a shade of grey this was, nor if it was a “warmer” or “cooler” grey. The suggestion that existing white equipment be stained with an umber solution may imply that it was a warmer shade. The shade of brown the equipment would have dyed is also unknown. Presumably this was of a similar shade to the grey. I like the thought that evidently went into this report. Since grey will go with nearly anything, a smarter uniform can be created by just changing tunic cover.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The second extract (shown first on the original page) is an account of a discussion in the House of Commons that predates The Times article and may have inspired the experiments reported. Soldiers of the Rifle Brigade are described as wearing black when their uniform is actually dark green with black equipment. Although often attributed to being a form of camouflage it was unlikely to be so in practice in terrain other than dark forests. Of particular note in this extract is the discussion of poorly designed uniforms that restrict the soldier. Jump forward to just before World War Two and you will hear similar discussions. Then again in the 70s and 80s. And if we now look at modern combat wear, we still see overly tailored uniforms that restrict movement, air-circulation and provide poor camouflage. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje058_GA5g3STnVmYkBED4U9yKdOki_tkzeKWDsi7nwXTYi_z2YZBKT9uWclGllg7wZwIFHrzel3jm3P8Jz0bi8OlAnDKI6jchzazMHesB_R0g7XjJf8sjq1PtLNxQVVPrVFvLOP0mI0w/s1600/45765cccc7e49945eaa37745aeb861de.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="375" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje058_GA5g3STnVmYkBED4U9yKdOki_tkzeKWDsi7nwXTYi_z2YZBKT9uWclGllg7wZwIFHrzel3jm3P8Jz0bi8OlAnDKI6jchzazMHesB_R0g7XjJf8sjq1PtLNxQVVPrVFvLOP0mI0w/s640/45765cccc7e49945eaa37745aeb861de.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">There were, apparently, some efforts to adopt grey uniforms and<a href="https://www.perry-miniatures.com/pages.php?page=sudan-uniform-guide"> in at least one campaign</a> both khaki and grey were used by the British Army. Shown above is a Coldstream Guards uniform from the Sudan campaign. The suggestions about dying white equipment seem to have been ignored, however, and presumably buckles and buttons were still polished. Indian-based units (the greater part of the British Army) seem to have adopted khaki. Khaki uniforms seem to have been cotton drill, while grey were woolen serge. Which would have been adopted would have been of considerable interest to the cotton and wool producers of the Empire. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">So, with a few twists of fate, the familiar image of the Victorian soldier in khaki with white equipment might have been in grey, with umber equipment and bronze buckles. Perhaps the army might have adopted grey serge for temperate climes and cotton khaki for hotter postings.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Times of March 29th, 1883:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">THE COLOUR OF ARMY UNIFORM</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The report of the Colour Committee appointed by the Field-Marshal Commanding-in-Chief to consider and report what colour, suitable for military uniform, is least conspicuous, was published yesterday as a Parliamentary paper. The Instructions given to the Committee were as follows:-</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"Having regard to the increased range of rifled arms and the consequent exposure to troops to fire at great distances, that exposure of troops to fire at great distances, that exposure continuing and being enhanced as they approach the enemy, it is desirable that Her Majesty's forces on active service should wear uniform of the colour ascertained to be the least conspicuous.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"It is observed that the use of a neutral colour - Khakee - is general in India, and at the same time that at least four colours are generally worn by Her Majesty's troops elsewhere, each of these (except, perhaps, in the case of the green worn by the Rifles) having been adopted without reference to their greater or less visibility.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"It appears, under these circumstances, desirable that, in the first instance, before the question is discussed with reference to other considerations, a scientific enquiry should take place as to the comparative visibility of different colours suitable for military uniform in the field.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"His Royal Highness has recommended to the Secretary of State that two or more persons of undoubted scientific authority on the question of this character should be invited to co-operate with a small number of officers with a view to carry out any practical experiments which may be necessary for the complete discussion and utilization of known facts on this subject.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"A committee composed as follows:- President. - Lieutenant-General Sir. G.J. Wolseley, G.C.B.,G.C.M.G.; members - Major-General R.B. Hawley, O.B.; Major-General J.H.F. Elkington, O.B.; Director of Clothing - has been appointed to consider this question.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"Professors Abel and Stokes will co-operate with the Committee, and as the utility of the enquiry will depend upon the nature of the questions submitted to these gentlemen, it is recommended that this should be arranged with one or both of them beforehand.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"The Committee will cause experiments to be made as to the visibility of various colours, and the relative merits of - scarlet, green, blue, khakee, and gray (warm or cold shade); and report what colour suitable for military uniform is under all the ordinary conditions of war, the least conspicuous.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"Supposing the colour found to be the least conspicuous is not scarlet, green, or blue, does it possess such advantages over those colours that the Committee would recommend its general adoption.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"It is recommended that the practical experiments necessary to test the various colours had better be carried out at Aldershot.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"C.H. ELLICE, A.G"</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The following is the report of the Committee:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"On the termination of the experiments by the scientific members of the Committee and on the rendering of their report, the Committee desire to lay before the Secretary of State the conclusion to which they have come, after careful consideration of that report.<br />
</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"In accordance with the instructions of his Royal Highness the Field-Marshal Commanding-in-Chief, at the first meeting of the Committee Professors Abel & Stokes were consulted on the best means of carrying out the scientific inquiry as to the comparative visibility of different colours suitable for military uniform in the field. A detailed account of these experiments will be found in their report, which is submitted herewith.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"It may be briefly stated that a series of experiments were carried out under varying conditions of weather, atmosphere, surroundings, and background - the object being to make them as exhaustive as possible. Various members of the Committee were present during these experiments, which were under the immediate superintendence of Professors Abel and Stokes.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"The result was to eliminate all the colours at present used in the dress of the Army, and the glaring conspicuousness of white and scarlet was at once evident.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"On the other hand, the neutral colours, more particularly the Indian 'Khakee' and certain volunteer grays, were indistinct even at short distances, and, in comparison with the Army colours, all but invisible at long ranges.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"The question was in the end narrowed down to a shade of gray, which, besides its character of invisibility, stands exposure to rain and sun without fading.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"The Committee recommend that this gray (now worn by the 3rd Devon Volunteers) should be adopted as the service dress of the Army.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"As it would, however, be unadvisable to break entirely with the traditions attached to the red uniform of the British Army, the Committee recommend that red or scarlet (and blue or green for corps wearing those colours) should be retained for full dress; but that on all other occasions the gray should take the place of the present undress. By this arrangement the Committee think the advantages, as recruiting, to be gained from an attractive uniform will be retained, while at the same time men and officers will become familiar with a colour which, there can be no question, is the best for active service. The Committee consider that the greatcoats and trousers should be of this gray colour, and that a gray helmet cover should also be issued.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"Intimately connected with the question of the colour of the uniform is that of pipeclayed belts and white haversacks. White, under all but very exceptional circumstances, is the most conspicuous colour of all, and it would avail little to substitute gray for scarlet if the white accoutrements are retained. by the use of an umber colouring (of a similar nature to pipeclay) the belts may be made nearly invisible at a distance, and its employment permits their colour being changed at will.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"This colouring, as prepared by Professor Abel, has been practically tried and found to answer remarkably well. The Committee therefore recommend its general adoption throughout the Army, the umber belts to be worn at all times on active service.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"The haversack, instead of being of white material, should be of the same colour as the belts.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"No practical test was made as to the conspicuousness of the shining metal portions of the soldier's uniform and accoutrements, but it is evident that in sunlight these would attract the eye, and so weaken the advantage gained by the use of gray uniform and brown belts. The Committee therefore recommend that all ornaments, buttons, &c., of the gray uniform should be bronze, and not polished; and that on active service a brown lacquer should be applied to the bayonets, metal scabbards, and all other bright portions of the accoutrements.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"G.J. WOLSELEY, A.G., President</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"R.B. HAWLEY, D.A.G.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"JOHN ELKINGTON, D.A.G.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"GEORGE D. RAMSAY, Director of Clothing.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"F.A. Abel.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"G.G.STOKES.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"H.C. REYNOLDS, Major, D.A.Q.M.G., Secretary</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"July 25, 1882."</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP9VLuCyUuuUQBzYdE4TTMgbZ9YNGb8JEkwGOnm5jExENNvXJTiVL6iGTK3LIxzhmvmdOtP0-ht2XprzpLCPbzi8CvIM1BTf5jPW0FtGvY9Ocdxg8lnXE0s4CZ59V-76XQqcnmSw7FmQw/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="410" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP9VLuCyUuuUQBzYdE4TTMgbZ9YNGb8JEkwGOnm5jExENNvXJTiVL6iGTK3LIxzhmvmdOtP0-ht2XprzpLCPbzi8CvIM1BTf5jPW0FtGvY9Ocdxg8lnXE0s4CZ59V-76XQqcnmSw7FmQw/s640/9.jpg" width="332" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">OBSERVATIONS.HC Deb 13 March 1882 vol 267 cc781-5:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">§ COLONEL BARNE rose to call attention to the dress of the Army, and said, that, had the Forms of the House permitted, he should have been glad to have moved the following Resolution:— ‘That the present conspicuous colour and tight-fitting Dress of the Army interferes with the efficiency of the soldier and causes the unnecessary loss of many valuable lives.’ He had brought forward the subject last year, when the right hon. Gentleman the Secretary of State for War admitted that a change ought to be made in this respect, and suggested that he should bring the matter on when the Estimates for Soldiers' Clothing were discussed. He regretted that he had not done so; but when the time came two-thirds of the House were absent, and he deferred bringing the subject forward, in the hope that it would receive a more satisfactory discussion than it could have obtained last year. Nothing had yet been done in the matter, and he should like to know whether the right hon. Gentleman really intended carrying out what he had said? He did not complain of want of alteration in the uniform of the Army, because those changes had been frequent, and he knew that some of the small alterations which had been made had been of a vexatious character, and had been the cause of great expense to officers. Last year the right hon. Gentleman ordered the stars to be removed from the collars of the officers to their shoulder straps, and this slight change, which did no good whatever, cost each officer in the Guards about £20. The other day he was talking to an old Militia officer, who told him that since the year 1852 his headdress had been changed no fewer than eight times. His (Colonel Barne's) complaint was that the alterations were made in an entirely wrong direction. First, with regard to the colours worn, it had been found by the Emperor Napoleon that the most conspicuous were white, black, gamboge, and then scarlet; thus, the dress of our Army was composed of the most conspicuous colours that could be found. The Rifles, for instance, who ought to be the least visible, were clothed in black, which was the second most conspicuous colour. Modern warfare consisted largely of battles between two lines of skirmishers, each armed with weapons of precision, so that the loss of life was necessarily conspicuous amongst the more conspicuous body. This was proved by the experience of our men in the conflict with the Boers in South Africa, and more recently by the testimony of the Austrians in Herzegovina. Our losses in the Transvaal War were, generally speaking, due to the superior marksmanship of the Boers, and their ability to pick out our men, whereas the English soldiers complained that they could see nothing of the enemy except their heads. It was found that the grey dress of the Rifles was far less conspicuous. That colour was also advocated by Military and Volunteer officers who had tested the point. He also advocated a change of colour on the ground of economy, for the scarlet dye took the oil out of the wool and impaired its durability. He objected to the tight-fitting tunic, because it did not allow the lungs to expand in a natural way when a man began to ascend a hill, or to do any kind of hard work. The regulation trouser was also objectionable, because it gave an immense drag at the knee, especially if it got wet through. He should like to see the British troops dressed in a Norfolk jacket, breeches loose at the knee, and gaiters, with a light helmet, which would not impede the men in their work. He could not move the Resolution of which he had given Notice; but he had ventured to bring the subject under the notice of the right hon. Gentleman, in the hope that he would consider it, and make a move, if possible, in the direction indicated.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">§ LORD ELCHO said, he entirely agreed with the hon. and gallant Member who had just sat down (Colonel Barne), that an unnecessary expenditure had been thrown upon officers by the alteration in the collar and shoulder straps, also that soldiers should wear a dress thoroughly adapted to the work they had to do, and did not think he could add anything to what he had said. As to the question of expense entailed by the changes in the uniform, such as altering the mark of rank from the collar to a shoulder strap, he believed the cost to an officer involved by the renewal of uniform in accordance with the changes was about £20, which he was bound to say was a very unnecessary expenditure. As regarded the question of convenience and comfort in the matter of uniform, he was an advocate of easy clothing, as the movements of a soldier should not be constrained by his uniform. The clothing of the hard-working navvies was loose, and they wore a strap under the knee to prevent the dragging of the trousers. He believed it was a fact that if two men, equal in all other respects, were set to walk, one dressed in knickerbockers or a kilt, and the other in the present uniform of a soldier, in course of the day the former would very considerably outwalk the other; and, besides, trousers were not so fitted for work as other descriptions of clothing. The Secretary of State for War was the person really responsible for the efficiency of the uniform; and he wondered how his right hon. Friend the present Secretary of State for War, who was a most kind and indulgent man, and about as sensible a one as he (Lord Elcho) was acquainted with, when he went down every day to his office could bear to see the sentries with trousers so tight at the knees and baggy below, that it seemed impossible for them to go up and down hill without splitting them. The trousers were, in fact, the very reverse of what they ought to be. It was the custom to ridicule the "peg-tops" worn by the French troops; but they were much more sensible than the trousers of the English soldier. Then, in the Cavalry, the clothes were so tight that the men could hardly mount, and only did so at imminent risk of splitting their trousers. He hoped his right hon. Friend would give his attention to these matters, which were by no means trivial, but essential to the welfare and efficiency of the Army, and would see especially that good and efficient leggings were supplied. He would now turn to the question of colour. As regards the colour, the War Office Volunteer Committee had reported in favour of the Volunteers being clothed in red. He had on his right his hon. and gallant Friend the Member for Berkshire (Sir Robert Loyd Lindsay), who was a Member of that Committee. He was a great advocate of scarlet, and, having won his Victoria Cross in red, naturally thought there was no colour like scarlet for the British soldier. But he (Lord Elcho) did not share in that partiality, and he therefore obtained permission for the regiment he commanded to retain their old grey uniform; and he hoped that, instead of the whole Force being put into red, they would be turned into grey. When the Army went to India, the soldiers were dressed in a uniform khaki or dust colour, and in the Ashantee campaign the dress of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Scottish_(regiment)#Uniforms">London Scottish</a> was adopted. At the time of the Edinburgh Volunteer Review, he met Sir Frederick Roberts, after he had been round looking at the troops as they were drawn up, and that officer said— ‘I only wish an order would come out that within five years every Volunteer should be clothed in grey instead of red. I am so struck with grey as being a very much better colour than red.’ He (Lord Elcho) had great hopes that, instead of all the Volunteers becoming red, there was some chance from some thing he had heard—and perhaps his right hon. Friend would tell the House if he was right—that the working dress of the Army would be made grey. He was told that experiments were being made at the present with a view of testing what really was the effect of colour at distances in Woolwich marshes and elsewhere. With the small Army we were able to put into the held these were matters of the greatest importance, for it simply meant whether in action a greater or less proportion of our men were to be hit or not. Recently, wishing to try some experiments with a range finder, and sighting a Martini-Henry rifle, he had a target erected at 2,000 yards distance. Had that target been grey, he would not have seen it at the distance; but he covered it with red Turkey twill, and saw it flaming at the other end like a danger signal on a railway. To give them an idea of the accuracy of the weapon, every shot from that distance would have gone into a space not larger than the Palace Yard, or into a regiment in column. Whether they could see men or not at that distance, would depend on the colour of their dress; and with the view of effecting a saving of life, as well as on the score of convenience and comfort, the question of uniform was one which should be thoroughly gone into.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">§ MR. CHILDERS said, he was sure no Member of the House would complain of the character of the remarks which the hon. and gallant Gentleman (Colonel Barne) and his noble Friend (Lord Elcho) had made. He must, however, take exception to one of the remarks of the hon. and gallant Member about small alterations of uniform, and especially about the change made above a year ago in the marks on the collar and shoulder strap denoting rank. For these he (Mr. Childers) was not responsible; but he had clearly informed the House last year that henceforward the Secretary of State would be responsible for changes in uniform, and to this declaration he adhered. As to the particular object of the hon. and gallant Gentleman, he quite agreed in his general position that, putting colour aside, the fighting uniform of a soldier should be as appropriate for fighting as the shooting dress of a sportsman or gamekeeper was for the pursuit of game. In one respect the authorities were hardly responsible for undue tightness of dress, which they did not encourage, and which was the result often of commanding officers wanting their men to look smarter, and tightening their tunics. On the question of colour, he proposed to offer some explanation, when they were in Committee, as part of his general statement. He would only say now, that there was more to consider than the mere question of greater or less visibility, important as that was as a factor in the case.</span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-53607894204897148392020-04-29T09:54:00.000+01:002020-04-29T10:16:05.619+01:00Knots for Traps<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Today I will look at some knots relevant to <a href="https://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/04/a-single-trap-system.html">yesterday’s blog</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This is the “snare knot”, which I have to admit was new to me. It did look familiar, however! The <a href="https://www.animatedknots.com/poachers-knot">animated knots</a> website describes the similar poacher’s knot, aka strangle snare or a double overhand noose, as a double overhand on a bight. It also provides the useful information that this is a good knot for high modulus ropes that might fail with knots such as the bowline.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2F36KbcCoTs36n9yetVVvnyIAecoGWe-8QbtNbv4GTJf3p2DCxcf-jIkjBw780SnSLXZEuTrfIqAqbDk2-vipdicfk5zY8xt5Luc8vittOH4x9UJSjw-8FMi8e5dlUPBgQvoEtuIHjZA/s1600/How-to-Tie-a-Poachers-Knot-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="800" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2F36KbcCoTs36n9yetVVvnyIAecoGWe-8QbtNbv4GTJf3p2DCxcf-jIkjBw780SnSLXZEuTrfIqAqbDk2-vipdicfk5zY8xt5Luc8vittOH4x9UJSjw-8FMi8e5dlUPBgQvoEtuIHjZA/s320/How-to-Tie-a-Poachers-Knot-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">From the double overhand on a bight comes the triple overhand, scaffold knot or triple overhand noose, another strong, useful loop.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdsa9dgFXhBJ1WgQZohW8HheqBYR2N0ZrHTd2hu0OVphTZFMH4DJo63Nzuy-Nz0Wyu1Rp2aoAmibUufvThDZiwsE0sy1vPhkul01BDoVtbJ8yW-taNia6Qh0zW8274ov6D1IVKxX_eEW8/s1600/e5e70a7dc682984ce957da1b638566a4-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="932" data-original-width="774" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdsa9dgFXhBJ1WgQZohW8HheqBYR2N0ZrHTd2hu0OVphTZFMH4DJo63Nzuy-Nz0Wyu1Rp2aoAmibUufvThDZiwsE0sy1vPhkul01BDoVtbJ8yW-taNia6Qh0zW8274ov6D1IVKxX_eEW8/s320/e5e70a7dc682984ce957da1b638566a4-min.jpg" width="265" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">While on the subject of loops, twisting a wire loop into a double loop for better locking:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The <a href="https://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/04/a-single-trap-system.html"></a>previous blog featured toggles tied into the middle of ropes. Two methods of doing this, one for a clove hitch, the other for the related constrictor knot. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-70749036955261277952020-04-28T14:01:00.001+01:002020-05-01T00:06:00.692+01:00A Single Trap System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Today I will start with a warning. Knowing how to trap for food is an important component of your knowledge. It should, however, only be used when needed. I do not condone poaching, nor leaving traps set for any other reason than genuine survival needs. Practice building them if you want, but break them up once you are done. If you use this for poaching or unnecessary cruelty you deserve everything that may happen to you.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In <a href="http://www.angelfire.com/art/enchanter/epsdbook.html">my first book</a> I used the principle of teaching by which I concentrated on underlying common principles. For example, rather than trying to teach dozens of different Judo throws I taught the principles of balance and obstruction around which most are based. A similar idea is used in <a href="http://www.angelfire.com/art/enchanter/scrapboardknots.pdf">my knot book</a>. You are taught a knot, then introduced to similar knots that have different applications. From the clove hitch it is easy to learn the constrictor, transon, slippery hitch and buntline hitch, among others. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Recently I came across a similar approach to learning trap construction. Rather than try to memorize every design in the survival manuals, learn a single mechanism that could be put to many different purposes. Look for the similarities and common features as well as the differences.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This is the basic mechanism, which is pretty easy to understand. Don’t make the trigger parts from green wood or that which is gummy. You do not want these parts to stick together. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The following examples will also give you a good grounding in understanding other types of traps.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Power to the trap can be either by tension or by counterweight. Counterweights are often shown as tree trunks or rocks, but can be a limb used as a lever under its own weight. The constant load may uproot stakes or cause parts of a mechanism to fail, so inspect traps when you check them, even if they have not caught anything. As can be seen with the fish trap, there are applications for this mechanism other than snares. A mechanism that can hold up a weight can also be used to drop it! A crash site or battlefield will have lots of metal and plastic that can be used for trap construction. This option is not shown in most survival manuals. The piece of parachute harness shown should also suggest to you that the hook in most of these diagrams could easily be a ring or loop instead. Use a stone or similar to smooth and taper a peg used for a loop or ring. A toggle on the end of a line can be used to pull a ring from a peg.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The form of the next trigger looks different but the principle is exactly the same. Rather than a hook (or ring) you have a toggle and two pegs/pins. In this particular example the counterweight also acts as a deadfall. The toggle is held by two pegs. These pegs could be spent cartridge cases hammered into the bark. If using nails bend them upwards slightly so the toggle does not catch on the heads. Always test trap mechanisms.</span><br />
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The next illustrations show the same principle again, but a slightly different form. Effectively a notch or hook and a crosspiece. Note that a single trigger can serve several nooses. </span><br />
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">These variants are the same as the last, but support the horizontal with two supports rather than one. The first illustration is not a spring snare, but could easily be improved to be one. The stick shown will not slow the rabbit down much, but might hinder it entering its burrow. This may be a considerable distance away, so making a better trap or using a larger/ additional drag would be more humane and better for the survivor too. Do not underestimate how much weight a trapped animal will drag. Secure traps to heavy weights or well-rooted objects in preference to simple stakes. </span><br />
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A horizontal such as this could support multiple snares. Note how one example has the supports orientated so the trap works in either direction. In another illustration the contact areas have been reduced to make the trap more sensitive. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Here is another variation of the basic mechanism. Some might argue it is a different mechanism, but I like to think of it as a toggle tied off-centre. Note how it can be worked with a platform or tripwire, and that it can be used to raise nets or drop weights as well as snares. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The same mechanism, using a horizontal bar. Note use of dual tripwires:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgEPU-YCimc7tlk65XPKNC8WtjrNKmM-mKWPzNChWjre9oK60RGjtt9HuSRGmBSsH1Cj3YXQg4zmgFcdpPY5LdklnhxLeug0NfBsiKyHxGR-sxywK352UC67kvhRemRk_wQj93pdPPnV8/s1600/Annotation+2020-04-27+160703-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="372" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgEPU-YCimc7tlk65XPKNC8WtjrNKmM-mKWPzNChWjre9oK60RGjtt9HuSRGmBSsH1Cj3YXQg4zmgFcdpPY5LdklnhxLeug0NfBsiKyHxGR-sxywK352UC67kvhRemRk_wQj93pdPPnV8/s320/Annotation+2020-04-27+160703-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ1uReqcuoN7p79zlT1TzPjNm8odF1Ux_lx3VAD6s2byaJo19gJBJ0UvOZDw-lDGEmSSkTjFahsL9GiwKNpGJfOkALu_SQciQfXXWXHt9Dwqiyq0N3InlG2cnT5npoOQQMLqJxtplOCAA/s1600/Annotation+2020-04-27+165930-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="511" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ1uReqcuoN7p79zlT1TzPjNm8odF1Ux_lx3VAD6s2byaJo19gJBJ0UvOZDw-lDGEmSSkTjFahsL9GiwKNpGJfOkALu_SQciQfXXWXHt9Dwqiyq0N3InlG2cnT5npoOQQMLqJxtplOCAA/s320/Annotation+2020-04-27+165930-min.jpg" width="309" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A variation of the above systems. The cord is hitched around the support pole and disturbing the trap releases it. Test to ensure it works smoothly.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSAHSQpNuoBwF8g4Kq5buD2yoN3Cu4X-KjS5NLtbZuLNhe-jbVdH4GhAW0OEVmrAjtTAFruzVlCY4mTEzB9hHGXMh1Yrtw2ptREcLakx3cVdTwuNmvYorijYWLyJZijEzwefzB4U3zDJ8/s1600/Annotation+2020-04-27+161238-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="700" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSAHSQpNuoBwF8g4Kq5buD2yoN3Cu4X-KjS5NLtbZuLNhe-jbVdH4GhAW0OEVmrAjtTAFruzVlCY4mTEzB9hHGXMh1Yrtw2ptREcLakx3cVdTwuNmvYorijYWLyJZijEzwefzB4U3zDJ8/s320/Annotation+2020-04-27+161238-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This variation holds the toggle between two other parts. This has a passing resemblance to the “Figure-Four” type mechanisms. A small saw, such as that on a Swiss army knife, may be very useful in making these fitted mechanisms.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibRhTNZpPHGYzqUnEuhcQnlvZVhDUYGRSVEYDhkPqTx258kJVmRsPNPQSsl6WGgDuJiewbqd88uCX7R4x0mefVQ0pfUOLhDzXFQsAkIdT6EnaC4qZxcIR_l0P_To6ZhhFkO4EJbQlflOM/s1600/121-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="406" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibRhTNZpPHGYzqUnEuhcQnlvZVhDUYGRSVEYDhkPqTx258kJVmRsPNPQSsl6WGgDuJiewbqd88uCX7R4x0mefVQ0pfUOLhDzXFQsAkIdT6EnaC4qZxcIR_l0P_To6ZhhFkO4EJbQlflOM/s320/121-min.jpg" width="216" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkM1rXqbfLrXEt3j6B3GNlRnVSRAzdO_VF0HLdopt-Kkmw79ylJqlgcV37BjdeGubFypJp2qGaZx9WpqqG0QrWuY0lzCFeei1Uu1FKPCWddtZnYvOLA8LiupTCQBzCotWrHEqQkn5emEk/s1600/Annotation+2020-04-27+161410-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="892" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkM1rXqbfLrXEt3j6B3GNlRnVSRAzdO_VF0HLdopt-Kkmw79ylJqlgcV37BjdeGubFypJp2qGaZx9WpqqG0QrWuY0lzCFeei1Uu1FKPCWddtZnYvOLA8LiupTCQBzCotWrHEqQkn5emEk/s320/Annotation+2020-04-27+161410-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A variation of the mechanism using two pegs in a tree-trunk. Here a nail is used in place of the toggle bar. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8D_vnPh0ro1yzthWWp-_vlT-YbK1E6uEbpF1LHDi2VLMMo-5Zdw40swHEmsMGf5ddQqsy9viOj3Du2K1vhliBb-DmOz4VRadSQsZz4C3GOOrbxLHiSbv_iwu8D1jvS_pDqFLOIlc9bSE/s1600/nail-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="435" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8D_vnPh0ro1yzthWWp-_vlT-YbK1E6uEbpF1LHDi2VLMMo-5Zdw40swHEmsMGf5ddQqsy9viOj3Du2K1vhliBb-DmOz4VRadSQsZz4C3GOOrbxLHiSbv_iwu8D1jvS_pDqFLOIlc9bSE/s320/nail-min.jpg" width="304" /></a></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This is a commercially made trap, I believe, but illustrates how scrap metal and other “non-woodland” resources can be used. The trigger is simply a hole that fits over a pin. Weight in the platform levers it off the pin.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoCQIrgDWNHM6jzI3jute0QxrQwDSouriRWDH2WOs3OeRAFn20i6HLpeUePq9PiY-fyeBCPYEy9XWwDDz-aBwpDuWevoMtas-XWOan5kBC3w1Vm43mAJVszlQ6rkNGOcP7FK-FChDWpLw/s1600/commerical-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="402" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoCQIrgDWNHM6jzI3jute0QxrQwDSouriRWDH2WOs3OeRAFn20i6HLpeUePq9PiY-fyeBCPYEy9XWwDDz-aBwpDuWevoMtas-XWOan5kBC3w1Vm43mAJVszlQ6rkNGOcP7FK-FChDWpLw/s320/commerical-min.jpg" width="217" /></a></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Use existing resources where possible. Here a supple tree is simply hooked to its neighbor. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9fSrheBG94O4jL4CTNc4oYKudspAP0mCnbjy9Ov0JS0dD2d5i519saBM75HYcOHQeAmoHcJsVypHY2EuVT2fMpO09N3z60afZsIegNnOoMM_FUnHOrOoMBanLA5AL2nlzaz2YZN9liLg/s1600/Annotation+2020-04-27+170142-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="711" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9fSrheBG94O4jL4CTNc4oYKudspAP0mCnbjy9Ov0JS0dD2d5i519saBM75HYcOHQeAmoHcJsVypHY2EuVT2fMpO09N3z60afZsIegNnOoMM_FUnHOrOoMBanLA5AL2nlzaz2YZN9liLg/s320/Annotation+2020-04-27+170142-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Some more variations of the systems shown. Note, trap is positioned so that the only way to the bait is through the noose.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbw-FO5uoUR5R3XtQF6uPCcS0-yeLoHoyCZKusQ9HwcZ5E28zMho3m6EjWxr4-cwhgTk3ZiqaEX1zaQoHRfUJ-zSuRiE1OrGwV0oER_SkrhkqOmDV_1jWgZitxEvMBqht1CLZB1iNhdLE/s1600/Pencil-snare-trap-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbw-FO5uoUR5R3XtQF6uPCcS0-yeLoHoyCZKusQ9HwcZ5E28zMho3m6EjWxr4-cwhgTk3ZiqaEX1zaQoHRfUJ-zSuRiE1OrGwV0oER_SkrhkqOmDV_1jWgZitxEvMBqht1CLZB1iNhdLE/s1600/Pencil-snare-trap-min.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSZ8-n2EKqXA_sNLiGOPzfkYCneoZ17fK1RtQx-tzIIL8ap0EV1ByNQ8vevmFYoFHX0f7WlbBcIaDSr2_qCeGfocxroXC271aioNk_b2dmTsp0sMaY1XTkdRIEqYC4FVfpJla0fhWve2s/s1600/Pole-for-rabbit-snare-and-various-ways-of-setting-the-noose-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="500" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSZ8-n2EKqXA_sNLiGOPzfkYCneoZ17fK1RtQx-tzIIL8ap0EV1ByNQ8vevmFYoFHX0f7WlbBcIaDSr2_qCeGfocxroXC271aioNk_b2dmTsp0sMaY1XTkdRIEqYC4FVfpJla0fhWve2s/s320/Pole-for-rabbit-snare-and-various-ways-of-setting-the-noose-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-64349936462722856412020-04-27T15:22:00.001+01:002020-04-27T15:22:52.042+01:00New Medical Pouch.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I decided to give myself a little treat. For decades my travel medical kit has ridden in a silver-grey zip pouch that once held materials for contact lens care. This has worked well enough, partially because it was always stored in the same place. If I needed it and could not get it myself, the directions “front upper pocket of my bag, grey pouch” were clear enough for most. I realized that it would help if the pouch itself were more clearly recognizable as a medical item. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A quick look online secured an item as a tolerable price. As it turned out, this was a fortuitous decision. The top of the TCP bottle had broken with age and would have spilt all over the inside next time my travel rucksac was disturbed. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The new pouch is 14-15 cm square and about 5 cm deep. It holds everything the old pouch did, although it is a little bit more of a squeeze. In truth, my travel kit has acquired a few extra items over the years. I probably should have migrated some of these to other kits. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The new pouch has two internal zipped mesh pockets. The main zip is two-way and already provided with pull-tabs to make it easier to operate if wearing gloves. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I have detailed how to construct your own kit <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-medical-kit.html">in other blogs</a>. Items of note, going clockwise from top left:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lice comb: Never needed it, hope never to need it.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Roller bandage: useful support for sprained or twisted ankles.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Bag of alcohol wipes. I probably have more of these than needed. Some extras came with another kit.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Olbas oil, TCP, Oil of Cloves. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Vaseline. Sleeve of scalpel blades I happen to have.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Plasters. Note bottom of the bag they are in has been reinforced so it makes a better water carrier. This was a gift from a friend of mine and has ended up in the medical kit.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Dental floss: this is probably a duplicate of an item also carried in my repair kit. </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">I have one in my <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/08/edc-shopping-list.html">EDC pouch</a> too.</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> Could be uses to construct an emergency bikini for my Brazilian girlfriend. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Roll of tape. I only have this because I got it free with another pouch I purchased. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Green plastic sleeve contains fine pointed forceps.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Bag of safety pins on large bandage. This bandage was another freebe. I would be happy with the plasters and roller bandage.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Two pairs of haemostats, one curved, one straight. I had access to these so acquired some. Hopefully will never need to clamp an artery, but they have proved useful for less sanguine tasks. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">In the centre, a bag containing aspirin and other general medications. </span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The “hardware” goes into one of the side pockets. Small bottles, Vaseline tin and dental floss into the other. Items most likely to be wanted, the aspirins and plasters, go in the centre. </span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-46159314922664131672020-04-25T14:27:00.001+01:002020-04-27T13:15:33.080+01:00Survival Headbands<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Recently I have been thinking about headgear. If you are in the military your primary headgear should be your helmet. The Roman Vegetius reports that Roman soldiers always wore hats so they were accustomed to carrying a weight here. These hats were leather and known as “Pannonian” or “Tetrachic” caps. Your helmet should be <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/02/camouflaging-headgear.html">competently camouflaged</a>, which involves more than just putting the latest cloth cover on it. I will give some additional ideas for helmets in a later blog. In the meantime, think <i>“puggaree”</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">My headgear of choice is usually either a watch cap or a boonie hat. With the watch cap we can include headovers, ski-masks and other items that can be worn in the same way. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A good watch cap is not too thick. In cold weather you do not want to overhead, and one of the merits of a watch cap is you can screw it up and carry it virtually anywhere. If it is really cold you can use it in combination with other headgear or another watch cap. A watch cap doubles as a night cap so can keep you a little warmer sleeping at night. One size fits nearly all, and the cap stays on in all but the very strongest winds. Your outdoor kit should include at least one watch cap or equivalent. Most of my coats and jackets have a cap or similar tucked into a pocket for when the weather turns for the worse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Sadly, the watch cap cannot be used for everything, and this is where the boonie hat steps in. It has a brim, which as well as keeping the sun off, keeps the rain off my glasses. In a previous blog I described how to <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2018/11/camouflage-headgear-textilage.html">camouflage a boonie</a>, although it should be understood that these techniques can also be applied to helmets and other headgear too. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Unlike the watch cap, the boonie and many other types of headgear need to be sized to fit the wearer. Chances are most readers do not know their hat size. Even if you do, there is still the chance a size may come up large or small. Most forms of headgear have very little provision for size adjustment. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As an individual this can be irritating. For someone like a quartermaster, who must equip hundreds of personnel, it means multiple alternatives of the same item must be stocked. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">While I was thinking about this another train of thought intersected with it. In the classic movie “Seven Samurai” it is notable that the farmers who are defending their village have scarves bound around their forehead. We see this in other movies, with some samurai wearing headscarves beneath their helmets. It is a common practice in kendo too. This has practical applications. Fighting is a physical activity and a scarf keeps the sweat from running into your eyes. Also keeps your hair out of your eyes.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Logical enough, so it is perhaps surprising how rarely we seem to see fighting men using headcloths. There is Rambo, of course, and a few individuals in pictures from Vietnam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you are a regular reader, you will have a <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/08/skin-level-survival-edc.html">bandanna in your EDC</a>, and such is handy should you find yourself sweating more than you expected. If you know you are likely to be sweating, you should have made some preparations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the vast, echoing expanse of my mind, two ideas collide!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Take an elasticated headband, as made famous by Bjorn Borg, and sew it into your boonie hat, patrol cap or whatever else you favour:</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Your hat is now more size-tolerant. Don’t worry about ordering a new hat that is too big. Order it a size bigger and fit a sweatband.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Your hat now stays on better. It hugs your head like a watch cap. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> You will be bothered less by perspiration running down into your eyes. </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Only problem with this idea is most elasticated sweatbands are in very un-tactical colours. You may be able to find grey, but these are still a bit light. It may be possible to dye grey and white with tea or diluted acrylic paint. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">What is really needed is for some smart company to manufacture sweatbands in a useful colour such as “light coyote tan”. I’m sure someone will demand them in “tactical” black! Very dark grey may have applications for police headgear. A friend of my suggests sage or olive might suit some police uniforms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Such headbands would have dual use. Firstly, they can be sewn into headgear as described above. Secondly they can be worn as a stand-alone item, either on their own or under helmets. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">And here is a third use. Take a sweatband and use it for the foundation of a hat. Sewn a bag of light, neutral-coloured cloth to it. It doesn’t have to be that neat or regular, quite the opposite. Then sew a net or similar to the bag and camouflage it as described in the articles above. You can wear this as a hat on its own, or over something such as a watch cap if it is cold. If you made it big enough you can use it to camouflage a boonie or even a helmet. In the latter application it works rather like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitznefet_(Israeli_military)">Israeli “mitznefet/clown-hat”</a>, but with the added improvement of some textilage and the provision to add natural foliage. </span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-32938983061358978892020-04-24T14:18:00.001+01:002020-04-24T15:04:39.680+01:00Canteen (cup) Coffee.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I have been using the past few months productively. I may not be able to go out much, so why not use the time to finally get around to all those little jobs that stack up? I have washed my down jacket, replaced the zips in two jackets and the cuffs in another. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">It is also a good time for various experiments! I love my coffee, and I do mean coffee, not the horrible instant chemicals that masquerade under the name. It seems a great shame that our young men and women risk their lives serving their country and the last thing they may drink is such crap. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">While researching how to made a decent cup of coffee in the field, I came across this <a href="https://www.homegrounds.co/the-complete-guide-to-coffee-brewing-methods/">interesting website</a>. How you go about making coffee (or<a href="https://www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/our-teas/how-to-make-a-proper-brew"> tea</a>, for that matter) can have a considerable influence on the taste. Relatively recently my coffee machine broke down and I went back to using a cafetiere (aka “French press”). The first few cups I made were unimpressive. It makes all the difference if you wet the grounds with a small volume of boiling water and let them “bloom” for 30 seconds. This is probably a good technique to try with coffee bags.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Coffee bags seem to finally be becoming more widely available. Your brew kit probably already includes tea bags, so there is not reason not to carry coffee bags instead of sachets of foul smelling instant muck. But what if you cannot get coffee bags?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This page has a very useful description of five ways to <a href="https://www.homegrounds.co/how-to-make-coffee-without-a-coffee-maker/">“Make coffee without a maker”</a>. This includes ways to improvise filters and coffee bags. Adding a piece of cloth to your brew kit is worth considering.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Many of these methods work best if you have one vessel for boiling water and another for drinking or brewing in. Let us assume you have listened to all my advice on saving weight and just have <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/03/optimizing-canteen-cups.html">a canteen cup</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Making Greek/Turkish coffee is a little involved, so the method of choice for canteen cup brewing is <a href="https://www.homegrounds.co/how-to-make-turkish-coffee/">“cowboy coffee”</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">How I did it was thus: Fill your (metal!) canteen cup to about a centimetre above the second mark. I am using a Crusader 2 and each mark is equivalent to about a mug-full. Try this at home in the kitchen. Put your canteen cup on to boil. I will assume you are only using your canteen cup. If you boil up the water in a more efficient vessel the volume you add to the cup will need to be less. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Wait for your water to boil. If you think a watched kettle takes ages, a watched canteen cup takes longer! Wait for a “rolling boil”. This is the point where the surface of the water gets stirred up by bubbles. Remove your cup from the heat and dump in about two and three-quarter tablespoons of coffee. Some say wait 30 secs before adding the coffee. Good coffee needs water at about 90-95 centigrade rather than full boil. Give each spoon of coffee a good stir so the spoon/spork comes out clean each time. Cover your canteen cup and let it sit for about four minutes. It needs time to brew and it will be too hot to drink yet, anyway.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">And it is ready! Ideally you can decant the coffee into another cup for drinking, but in our canteen cup scenario that may not be possible. Most of the grounds will have settled out. They will not be a problem unless you try and drain the cup to the bottom. In some westerns they mention settling the grounds by adding crushed eggshell to the coffee. Good luck finding one of those out in the field! <i>“Jack Knife Cookery”</i> also suggests you can use “spotlessly clean gravel” to settle the grounds. More practically, a dash of cold water will settle the ground and cool the coffee to drinking temperature. I don’t usually bother, but you may feel different if you have to drink direct from the hot canteen cup. Remember, a little bit of foil over the cup edge can save burnt lips. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>“Jack Knife Cookery”</i> gives a slightly different method for making coffee. Take a fistful of coffee for each individual and add cold water. Allow to sit for a while. Then bring your coffee just to the boil. Remove from heat and place the pot at a distance from the fire so that it is just simmering.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A couple of tricks inspired by Greek/Turkish coffee are worth mentioning. This coffee is often made with coffee ground to very fine powder. This seems to help the grounds settle at the bottom. If you like your coffee sweet, add the sugar to the water before you make the coffee, like the Turks and Greeks do. Stirring and coffee grounds do not mix, or rather, it does!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.angelfire.com/art/enchanter/epsdbook.html"><span style="color: #009eb8; font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Books</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirykmF1U2e5e2R_TtTm5xW2g_F6FuRSDF6k4O2G_1q9JtkB3htoRSgYpHOXAoad1zTtFp7rZUWKBN43NpegbfsFLPU01ZPtIKBwQF0xaBOBVssFTPb2bXm2bLMIkYqsZ5PJ36gEoQlQLQ/s1600/cover2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Hell-Ay-non-partisan-sourcebook-role-play-system-ebook/dp/B07FQSHSQC"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Hell-Ay-non-partisan-sourcebook-role-play-system-ebook/dp/B07FQSHSQC" border="0" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51SRB9SQIfL.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-5563496610293208192020-04-08T11:08:00.001+01:002020-04-08T12:07:14.455+01:00Around The World In 30 Litres.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Decades ago I wrote a piece called something like <i>“Travelling the World with a 30 Litre Pack”</i>. This was so long ago it was on a floppy disc and it only ever got read as a print-out. That article is long since lost, but the experiences that contributed to it has also fueled many of the articles on this blog. I was asked if I could attempt to reproduce the article, since much of it is still relevant to travelers today. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Firstly, I will point out this was not intended for wilderness expeditions or camping trips, but for holidays in areas where youth hostels or similar accommodation was available. On the trips where I expected to also do some camping, I carried a larger pack and more gear. Thinking back, I never personally made any of my trips with just a 30 litre pack. My daysac was smaller, and I already owned several larger packs. Money was often tight so I never got around to buying myself a nice 30. That said, one of the people who read the original article was inspired to spent nearly a month traveling around India with just a small pack. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One advantage of a larger pack is that you can carry a packed daysac inside it, which saves a lot of unpacking and packing when you want to dump the gear you don’t need for a few hours of sightseeing. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One of the products of my travels was <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2014/06/uncle-phils-list-new-format.html">“Uncle Phil’s List”</a>, so I will use its categories for the following description.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The first category was “shelter”, which divides into shelter, sleeping and clothing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Accommodation was in hostels or budget accommodation. The former were preferred for their social aspect, and I have many fine memories from such stays. The only thing I needed to carry for shelter was a credit card and a YHA membership card.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">My daysac carried (and still has) an all-weather blanket, which over the years has been put to many uses. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Many youth hostels do insist you have a sleeping bag liner. Mine got accidentally placed in the laundry on my last day at a hostel. My current one was sewn from the sheets the apologetic warden offered me as replacement. The top of the bag has some very distinctive cloth added to the top, to avoid this happening again. If I have to unpack in the dark the texture helps me orientate the bag. There are silk liners, which look really nice, but again, I have never been able to justify the expense.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I also carried a <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/08/sleeping-bags-for-hostelling.html">Merlin Softie</a> one-season sleeping bag. This packs to the size of a rugby ball without using compression straps. Very useful when the bedding provided was not up to standard, or when I had to sleep on a bus, train or ferry on an overnight journey. Overnight trips were a useful trick when traveling on a tight budget. Saved on a night’s accommodation and got you to a new place to see. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Careful selection of clothing can save you lots of weight. I encountered travelers who were carrying 20+ kg of clothes!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The trick is to select items that were easy to hand-wash, and just as importantly, quick to dry. I was fortunate that about the time I began traveling there were lots of reasonably priced silk shirts on sale. My basic travel wardrobe was two long-sleeved silk shirts and two short-sleeved. Theoretically, if it was cold I could have wore a short-sleeve under a long, but don’t ever recall this need arising. Denmark was a little chilly, so I brought a thin woolen jumper to supplement my usual gear. I did not know about </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/07/rolling-and-folding.html">ranger rolling</a></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/07/rolling-and-folding.html"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">”</span></a> back then. I could probably have packed things even smaller.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Underwear was three pairs of black swimming shorts, the sort with pockets and inner liners. If the day was hot I could easily remove my trousers and be already in shorts. Due to the odd climate inside airliners, for the flight out I found cotton underpants more comfortable. These would probably not be worn again until the flight back. I might wear a cotton tee-shirt for the flights instead of the silks. More commonly, I wore a casual cotton shirt that served as a light jacket for the rest of the trip. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The markets no longer seem to have reasonably priced silk shirts so as mine have worn out I have replaced them with the newer microfibre synthetics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Just before a trip I would treat myself to some new socks, usually white cotton sports socks. Three pairs of these would go in the bag and a fourth pair worn on the trip out. When I began to get pains in my legs when flying I added a pair of compression socks to my load-out. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I carried two pairs of trousers, basically a “wear and a spare”. Cargoes’ would be fine, although one of my pairs was “smarter”. On some trips I hooked up with friends I had made on other trips. This often involved a family dinner so being able to smarten-up was useful. At the airport I often needed my passport and boarding pass readily to hand, and the large thigh pockets of the cargo trousers was very useful for this.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Since I was carrying a pack, and sometimes had to deal with rough terrain, including cobbled streets within towns, ankle support was a priority. Most of my trips were to hotter climes, so footwear of choice was canvas hiking boots. Honourable mention goes to my Hi-Tech Sierras. I only wore these during holidays, but they did so many miles the soles were treadless by the time I had to retire them. I was most disappointed to discover the line had been discontinued. The Hi-Tech Trilogies I brought as replacement nearly crippled me. My tendons bled and my toes too, if I recall correctly. Brand new white cotton socks soaked in blood. I have a different set of canvas boots now. Unlike the Sierras these have gore-tex. You don’t need gore-tex for what I am using them for, but finding canvas boots without it no longer seemed to be possible. In addition to the boots I also carried a pair of espadrilles or kung-fu slippers. If you have been wearing boots all day it is nice to slip into these when you head into town looking for dinner and a beer. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">An important item was a rainproof jacket, ideally a lightweight one that packed into its own pocket or small pouch. The latter quality was far more important than it being breathable or some wonder fabric. I discovered that breathable waterproofs have a finite life, and you get to know that time is up the hard way, during a rainstorm!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I carried a lightweight jacket of some synthetic material for some protection against the wind. One of these had a cotton liner which I replaced with one made from a silk shirt. I don’t recall using these jackets much. Often I would use my cotton shirt, fleece or rainproof. I carried a fleece for colder days and evenings. This had a more windproof outer than most fleeces, so was more practical for outerwear.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Clothing included a boonie hat for sun protection, and several bandannas, one in a trouser pocket, the others in the pack. I carried a pair of gloves, although seldom needed them in hot climates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The secret to carrying so little clothing is being willing to clean it during your trip. You will notice that most of the items I carried are quick-drying materials such as synthetics or silk. The cotton socks are an obvious exception, but these dried pretty well in the climates I traveled in. In such conditions putting on slightly damp socks was not a health problem. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The only laundry gear I carried was a small nail brush. The same soap I washed and shaved myself with served as detergent. Washing socks generally involved putting them over my hands and “washing my hands”. The brush worked well on collars. Often I would step into a shower wearing a silk shirt and clutching a bundle of other items to wash. Hang a silk shirt on a hanger and it dries without needing ironing. In fact, the same is true of cotton tee-shirts!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Moving on to other categories: I carry a lighter as part of my <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/08/skin-level-survival-edc.html">EDC</a>, which covered the requirement for fire. My daysac carried a water-bottle, although this might be moved to the outer pocket of a larger pack if I was carrying one. On more recent trips this has been one of my Platypus bottles, often the larger one with a drinking tube. On some trips I simply brought a large bottle of soda in a local store, then used the bottle for water once the soda was drunk. For most of my trips you could trust the local tap-water, but I did acquire a cup device that chlorinated water passed through it. You might wise to include a bottle of purification tablets instead.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I was seldom anywhere where I could not purchase food. The times I was, a few hours hungry would not kill me. Thus I carried nothing to cook with on hosteling trips. The bag soon acquired some local foods such as fruit, salami, bread and cheese. I can still recall sitting outside the Parthenon, making a sandwich with my penknife and surrounded by feral cats sunning themselves. I learnt to carry a bag of boiled sweets (aka “hard candy”). These provided an energy boost when climbing hills: most sights to see seem to be up hills or high up! And I will admit that offering a sweet to a fellow traveler was a great ice-breaker and gained me some very memorable companions over the years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">My <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-medical-kit.html">travel medical kit</a> I have described elsewhere. Medication appears in my current load-out, but I did not need such things in my younger days! My daysac included a bottle of sunscreen and one of insect repellent. These days you will have to ensure that the volumes of these are less than 100mls if you intend to travel by air. Another item for your daysac is a roll of <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/search?q=toilet+paper">toilet paper in a plastic bag</a>. Over the years I refined and optimized my wash kit. This is described <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/search?q=wash-kit">here</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">My <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/search?q=sewing+kit">tiny sewing kit</a> has seen a lot of use over the years, so is something it would be very foolish not to carry. My “spares and repairs” includes a couple of spare rucksac buckles, electrical tape, string and a tube of superglue. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Documents included my passport and any visa needed. Plane tickets: no e-tickets on smart phones back then! In Europe I carried the E111 medical treatment form, but these may no longer be valid. A zipped pouch such as a pencil case proved very useful to hold documents and other miscellaneous items. Traveler cheques, although I doubt modern travelers carry these. A photocopy of my passport, and record of the traveler cheque numbers went in the pencil case. I did have my cheques stolen on one trip, and got all my money back, since I had the numbers to cancel them. Wisely, I carried my credit card in a different place so that was not stolen. A couple of guide books, usually borrowed from the local library at home. Have more than one, since entries can be misleading or inaccurate. A phrasebook. A novel or similar to read while waiting for trains or just sitting in the sun. <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2013/12/travel-journals-and-nuscript.html">A notepad</a> in a plastic bag, and something to write with. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I carried my penknife on my person, and often it has proved useful. My daysac included a flashlight of some form, in an outside pocket so it was readily accessible. A telescopic hiking pole was a blessing on steep terrain or when tired.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One of the first things I would do when reaching a new town was locate the tourist office and acquire any street maps they had. My <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/08/skin-level-survival-edc.html">EDC</a> includes a <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/search?q=suunto">Suunto Clipper compass</a> and this has often proved useful when navigating a strange town. </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Vnwz3NfNQnpL6DkJa4FmB9QrSGhKTZxVkGWR12QvtZPtJMpeT_AHoVKaiil8-PSjg3apqSFO5M2aerIGueyqNlAJz0zVf9_St6bqckeQ9Jh6PvO5MyRfgHPSv0lrVl0cyArUCn730h4/s1600/Suunto-Clipper-blue.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Vnwz3NfNQnpL6DkJa4FmB9QrSGhKTZxVkGWR12QvtZPtJMpeT_AHoVKaiil8-PSjg3apqSFO5M2aerIGueyqNlAJz0zVf9_St6bqckeQ9Jh6PvO5MyRfgHPSv0lrVl0cyArUCn730h4/s320/Suunto-Clipper-blue.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">An item conspicuously absent from my original article was a mobile phone. They were only just coming in, they needed frequent recharging, and you were unlikely to find facilities to charge them, back then. My trips were an escape, so I made a point of leaving all my electronic devices at home, which probably would have been a Walkman back then! Not really being a photographer, I also never bothered carrying a camera.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Few backpacks are totally waterproof, so the contents should be in one or more plastic bags. These needn’t be anything expensive, just intact. If you are traveling with just one pack I suggest you divide the contents with at least two bags. One bag holds your bedding, wash-kit and most of your clothing. The other bag has the items you may need during a day’s sightseeing: medical kit, guide books, raincoat etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.angelfire.com/art/enchanter/epsdbook.html"><span style="color: #009eb8; font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Books</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
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<a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/survival-weapons-optimizing-your-arsenal/paperback/product-21488758.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="http://www.lulu.com/shop/http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/survival-weapons-optimizing-your-arsenal/paperback/product-21488758.html" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHhN59QpUz_pS7X7DisN81RzdXAlhswxhBboH8cVf1kcK-oiYbkGTBEnTXKI2HKkvY0vYKNth1PGP-N8P0J59lmv5vLWq2S5eiYiAlPiANVsp3okR__21FWZDleSLSf_UUqVj4DbFTE4c/s1600/product_thumbnail.jpg" style="display: inline-block;" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirykmF1U2e5e2R_TtTm5xW2g_F6FuRSDF6k4O2G_1q9JtkB3htoRSgYpHOXAoad1zTtFp7rZUWKBN43NpegbfsFLPU01ZPtIKBwQF0xaBOBVssFTPb2bXm2bLMIkYqsZ5PJ36gEoQlQLQ/s1600/cover2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Hell-Ay-non-partisan-sourcebook-role-play-system-ebook/dp/B07FQSHSQC"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Hell-Ay-non-partisan-sourcebook-role-play-system-ebook/dp/B07FQSHSQC" border="0" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51SRB9SQIfL.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-60573102997050769412020-03-30T15:23:00.000+01:002020-05-23T10:37:14.456+01:00Optimizing Canteen Cups.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Yesterday I happened across <a href="https://wizardofvegas.com/forum/questions-and-answers/math/31876-optimal-size-for-a-soda-can/">this webpage.</a> This is a concept that I have encountered before: that the optimum proportions for a cylinder are to have it at a height equal to its diameter. The non-calculus explanation for this goes something like <i>“a sphere has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume and a cylinder of equal diameter and height is closest that a cylinder can get to a sphere”</i>. Optimum use of materials means less weight to carry. You would think there would be a special name for such a cylinder, but if there is I have yet to encounter it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This concept can be applied to the design of hiking and survival gear. Yesterday I wrote a little about <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/03/whats-mucket.html">canteen cups and muckets</a>. In a previous post I mentioned a idea that a good size for an eating vessel was around <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/02/bowls-for-backpacking.html">half a litre</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have to travel light, your main, probably only, cooking vessel will be a canteen cup, and this will also serve as your bowl and your mug. Most of us have to make do with whatever we can get, which is usually a military design. Perhaps our most important, most likely cooking vessel deserves greater consideration? Let us imagine we are designing a better canteen cup. The above concepts may play a part. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The typical military canteen cup has a kidney-shaped cross-section. They are designed with the assumption that they will be carried with a water-bottle, and that that bottle may be worn on the belt. Assumptions are always dangerous beasties, and should occasionally be tested to discover if they have gone rogue!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Obviously, carrying a supply of water on your person is prudent. Depending on situation and other factors this may be anywhere between 500mls to 2 litres. Larger volumes should be considered a pack item. Your typical military water-bottle is not the best way to carry water on your belt. If you land on it when falling or taking cover, it can hurt or bruise you. If it is only partially filled noises of water sloshing may betray you. Many designs have a cup that fits over the top of the bottle, meaning you have to remove this and keep it safe every time you want to drink from the bottle. That <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/02/snap-links-galore.html">snap-link</a> I told you to attach to your webbing can prove useful here, but this can still be a hassle when you are half-way up a windy hillside and trying not to drop your rifle or lose sight of your mates. For the above reasons a lot of soldiers and outdoorsmen now prefer bladders with drinking tubes such as Camelback and Platypus. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Does the cup need to fit outside a water-bottle? That interior space can be put to use for lots of other useful items. A hank of cord, fuel tablets and/or tube of alcohol fuel paste, small medical kit, sewing kit, spare lighter, tea and coffee bags, instant soup, OXO cubes and so on.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Does the cup need to be on your belt? Generations of British soldiers will probably disagree with me here, but usually a hot cuppa is not life and death. Your survival gear should be at <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2019/08/skin-level-survival-edc.html">skin level</a> and your belt/webbing reserved for immediate items: ammo, a good knife, <a href="http://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2017/01/project-camelbum.html">a couple of litres of water</a>, IFAK trauma kit. Your canteen cup should be a pack item, preferably in a readily accessible side-pocket.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">What is the ideal shape for a canteen cup? A spherical vessel is not really practical for a number of reasons. A hemispherical bowl of around 500mls capacity will be about 12 cm/ 5" across and 6 cm/ 2.5" deep. Such a bowl can be used for both eating and drinking from but may not be the best shape for a cooking vessel. Woks generally need to be wider. A cube of around 500mls capacity has 8 cm sides. The corners may be difficult to get clean with a vessel of this width. Another space-efficient option is a half-cube, 10 cm square and 5 cm deep. This has potential. This might resemble a smaller, square-section version of the familiar British Army mess-tin. Plenty of tea has been drunk from these, but it is not the best shape for a mug. This brings us to a cylinder of equal diameter to height, or thereabouts. For a capacity of about 500ml, height and diameter will need to be around 9 cm/ 3.5". This seems wide enough to eat out of and keep clean, deep enough for cooking and drinking. On the other hand, this shape may be too wide for easy carriage in a back-pack side-pocket. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This suggests that our canteen cup should be flattened in cross-section, and if we take this route we might as well give it a kidney-shaped cross-section. Realistically, most end-users will probably not buy a canteen cup unless it is this shape! There is probably an optimum ratio of height to end-size for a kidney-section vessel, but the calculus is beyond me.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The above figures are based on another assumption: that we want a volume of around 500mls. Looking at four of the metal canteen cups I own there is a notable difference in sizes. The British Crusader Mk1 is noticeably bigger than the US cup and the upper cup from the Bundeswehr M59 canteen. This may partially be so the Crusader can fit over the bottom of the Osprey waterbottle. The Osprey has a plastic mug that fits over the top (!). Theoretically you can carry both this mug and the metal Crusader around the same bottle. In practice you are better leaving the plastic mug for kit inspections. Also notable is that the Crusader Mk2 has a larger capacity than the Mk1. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A quick exercise with a measuring jug and some water yielded the following approximate volumes:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">
German M59 upper cup: 450ml</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">
Dutch canteen cup: 500ml</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">
Crusader Mk1: 650ml</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">
Crusader Mk2: 800ml</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Dutch cup appears closest to our theoretical ideal. This is about 13 x 8 cm across and 9.5 cm deep. I don’t know if that is optimal, but the basic shape has <a href="https://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_canteen_cup.php">not changed since 1910!</a> The Dutch cup is a sound choice for your emergency kit, but the British cups are ahead on features such as non-stick coatings, measuring marks and accessories. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivSuNmQEeyopeirF0Q4-xxryzEgLqFigHGBMch6CNZVtZmv4jmaktGBgssY1mAKc3sIBWCzu4Ijifm-g1ZtQzrV_a3McYsEM73qv3y01hNCyhaZU0rh2-uJkv4vBvnOQDs4gUwvxSbCZ8/s1600/index-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="274" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivSuNmQEeyopeirF0Q4-xxryzEgLqFigHGBMch6CNZVtZmv4jmaktGBgssY1mAKc3sIBWCzu4Ijifm-g1ZtQzrV_a3McYsEM73qv3y01hNCyhaZU0rh2-uJkv4vBvnOQDs4gUwvxSbCZ8/s640/index-min.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF1tG88qjsSE5T39ZmuhVoa1OJjCIDjoMXzVz2YLfM-yipZcJSYuLbxid2kPOUuV8YcaYg4sFwdM4kKA_idapWnGHnn56jke3ghda4Z_qKOfeTslQgRbljHMJzymIgM5av2BqeF_WoxgY/s1600/crusader-mk-2-4-piece-set-1-1500-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF1tG88qjsSE5T39ZmuhVoa1OJjCIDjoMXzVz2YLfM-yipZcJSYuLbxid2kPOUuV8YcaYg4sFwdM4kKA_idapWnGHnn56jke3ghda4Z_qKOfeTslQgRbljHMJzymIgM5av2BqeF_WoxgY/s640/crusader-mk-2-4-piece-set-1-1500-min.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Even more interesting was weighing the cups. The Dutch cup was 9.4oz/ 266gm, the Crusader Mk 1 was 9.7oz/ 275gm yet the larger volume Mk 2 only 6.9 oz/ 195 gm.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">What this boils down to (pun intended) is that most of the commonly available choices are fairly sound, but there is room for improvement. While issues such as lids and bail handles need addressing, optimizing proportions could save additional weight. A smaller version of the Crusader Mk2 would be an attractive product. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-53622988382107710982020-03-29T13:34:00.000+01:002020-03-29T13:34:09.623+01:00What's a Mucket?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Today I was woken from my slumbers by a hailstorm rattling against my window. When I was a young boy I was very interested in spiders and read many books about them. Even with this knowledge, it still impresses me that a flimsy looking cobweb caught so many hailstones, so they appeared frozen in mid air. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">My day started with me being reminded of old knowledge, so I was pleased to discover something new while I drank my coffee:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I came across the word “mucket”. Most sources will assure you that a mucket is a variety of bivalve, resembling a mussel. But it was also used for a much different beast. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Mucket is presumably a portmanteau of “mug” and “bucket”. Alternate names are “coffee boiler” or “boiler cup”. The sites offering them for sale are mainly geared to supplying American Civil War reenactors. Some of the examples offered us the original construction methods and materials such as soldered tin, which is less than ideal for actual use. Others look the part but use modern construction and materials such as stainless steel.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I have been planning to write a post on canteen cups, but I am holding off until I can get around trying to make lids for mine. At around 24 fl.oz (c.710ml) the mucket fills a similar niche to the modern canteen cup, but I have to say it is ahead on some of its features. The mucket has a bail handle so that you can hang it over a fire. And not only does it have a lid, but one that is attached by a hinge, at least in some examples I have seen! The lids have a ring, allowing you to raise them with a stick or similar implement rather than burning your fingers. Admittedly, it is not kidney shape in section, but since a canteen cup (or mucket) should be in a pack rather than extra weight on your belt, this is a minor issue. Camouflage not being an issue, the Civil War soldier hung his mucket outside his ration bag.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Hopefully some manufactures will have a good look at the mucket and design more capable canteen cups. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-69892384426937952742020-03-24T14:44:00.000+00:002020-03-24T14:44:03.514+00:00Umbrella Fighting in PDF<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">My series of articles on self-defence with an umbrella, cane or similar objects have now been combined into a single document. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/453050750/Umbrella-Fighting">Umbrella Fighting</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirykmF1U2e5e2R_TtTm5xW2g_F6FuRSDF6k4O2G_1q9JtkB3htoRSgYpHOXAoad1zTtFp7rZUWKBN43NpegbfsFLPU01ZPtIKBwQF0xaBOBVssFTPb2bXm2bLMIkYqsZ5PJ36gEoQlQLQ/s1600/cover2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-69785111564649300502020-03-23T16:26:00.001+00:002020-04-26T16:58:42.218+01:00Sun-Compass<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2020/03/finding-lattitude.html">Yesterday’s topic</a> logically brings me onto today’s, and another ancient but useful navigation device.</span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have even just glanced through a survival manual you will most likely have seen the shadow-stick method. I have previously described this in the context of <a href="https://phillosoph.blogspot.com/2014/10/direction-finding-by-moon.html">navigating by the moon</a>. The moon and stars also rise in the east and set in the west. The more usual context for the shadow-stick is using the sun.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJVGmUH7jx-K5zSp8O38aL6dX371DnyMXoqy9kopLxc-oM0pnyd41DjQRQMWaGIUSer7920XttkcIA008DgntHQLzaeVvXCDfHXejLlq3GM_MrggFs9G6uTYP6vVgQQCPoHb6M6ySUMDQ/s1600/Annotation+2020-03-23+154659-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="330" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJVGmUH7jx-K5zSp8O38aL6dX371DnyMXoqy9kopLxc-oM0pnyd41DjQRQMWaGIUSer7920XttkcIA008DgntHQLzaeVvXCDfHXejLlq3GM_MrggFs9G6uTYP6vVgQQCPoHb6M6ySUMDQ/s400/Annotation+2020-03-23+154659-min.jpg" width="175" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8vMtoHlgYevCXjBssd0rXjlwHk3m-P2htx-FwuWdhDYSdFmHayZER_rZUUc9M_9hJXQHXgT0h3nAcKpVvAUhBfi5aNfKEgyb6aguBgKDJedMvuunMz00sSh4uE01CtFJUe2l9-kjVhx8/s1600/index-min.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="226" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8vMtoHlgYevCXjBssd0rXjlwHk3m-P2htx-FwuWdhDYSdFmHayZER_rZUUc9M_9hJXQHXgT0h3nAcKpVvAUhBfi5aNfKEgyb6aguBgKDJedMvuunMz00sSh4uE01CtFJUe2l9-kjVhx8/s400/index-min.png" width="400" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYoqeX5dIv7hPvdx8Tj_PEJTKyOwnbuWdofZU5ROGTt9gb-vuqhl1cHQBZdJM1x1GGJjVakZa-JmOnNHmCtJSIA-vymGjopRZniOtDxXBNtdXFcFB8MRvzq8ohcySQLBHxQwgHKNULkT0/s1600/Annotation+2020-03-23+165101-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="610" data-original-width="828" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYoqeX5dIv7hPvdx8Tj_PEJTKyOwnbuWdofZU5ROGTt9gb-vuqhl1cHQBZdJM1x1GGJjVakZa-JmOnNHmCtJSIA-vymGjopRZniOtDxXBNtdXFcFB8MRvzq8ohcySQLBHxQwgHKNULkT0/s640/Annotation+2020-03-23+165101-min.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The method is simple. Place a stick or similar in the ground so that it casts a shadow. Mark the end of the shadow. Wait for at least twenty minutes. The tip of the shadow will have moved. Mark this new position. The first marker will be <b>west</b> of the second. Draw a line between the two markers, then run a line perpendicular to this and back towards the base of your stick <i>(gnomon)</i>. This second line will be true north-south. The greater the distance/longer the time between marker placement, the more accurate will be your determination of north-south. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Logically, we will get a more accurate estimate if we take several hours and place a number of markers. If we do this we will observe that the shadow is longest in the morning and evening, and shortest when the sun is directly overhead. The arc plotted on the ground will be flattened rather than constant, unlike some illustrations of this method! When the shadow is at its shortest, it is on the north-south line, and the time will be local midday. The shadow will be shortest at local apparent noon (LAN), which is midway between sun-up and sun-down, so may differ from 1200 hrs. As well as determining distance, you have also made yourself a crude sundial. This can be useful in determining true local time. Some countries on the same longitude use different times. China spans several time zones but uses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_China">one official time</a> for the whole country!</span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The principle is simple enough, but it can get confusing which end of the north-south line is north. In the northern hemisphere the sun (or moon) rises in the east and travels west, passing through the south. In the southern hemisphere it goes through the north. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the northern hemisphere the shadow always points in a northerly direction. At midday the shadow will point due north. <br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the southern hemisphere the shadow always points in a southerly direction. At midday the shadow will point due south.</span></li>
</ul></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Memorize that and solar navigation becomes much less confusing.</span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the movies air-crash survivors usually undertake an epic journey back to safety. In the real world your prudent strategy is to stay near the crash site if practical. Setting up a shadow stick is a practical way to spend the time, and establishing the bearings of visible landmarks may be useful later on. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Suppose, for whatever reason, you need to travel. This decision should never be made lightly. Thanks to your shadow-stick you know what bearing you are heading out on, and that of some of the local features. But we cannot take our compass/ sundial with us! With a few modifications, we can make a portable variant. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have ever read about the early days of the SAS or of the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) you will most probably have encountered to references to sun-compasses on their vehicles. In those days trying to use a magnetic compass while riding in a large lump of steel was problematic. The solution was the sun-compass. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Descriptions of how the sun-compass was used used to be hard to find. Thankfully, this is changing. The sun-compass is an ancient device, and was used by the Vikings, among others. A version was also used by some <a href="https://spacecentre.co.uk/blog-post/apollo-sun-compass/">Apollo missions</a> on the moon.</span><br />
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</div></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As you can see, some sun-compasses are very complicated or sophisticated, so not really something you can improvise. I am going to describe a less accurate variant that can be easily constructed. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the previous blog I described how a circle of 57 mm radius had a circumference of c.360 mm. (The person who taught me this trick had 5 mm and 57 mm marked on the zipper of her jacket. I notched my penknife handle). Create such a circle on a piece of paper, back of a notebook, etc. An alternate name for a sun-compass is “shadow board”, which reminds us it can be made with a piece of plank or other flat material. A folded piece of paper will help us mark off the 45, 90 and even 22.5 degree points. Each 1.5 cm of the circumference is 15 degrees. The radius of a circle can be measured <a href="https://youtu.be/y9kFm4b1igU">twelve times along its edge</a> using a drawing compass, or an improvisation of one. By folding the marked points together the circle can be divided further into 24 parts, or the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NxNh-tTRns">compass can be used further</a>. A nail or pin can be used as the gnomon, but a sliver of wood is more likely. In fact, you do not have to mount the gnomon, just place a shadow-casting object in the centre of the circle whenever you take a reading. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">All we have to do now is mark off the circle. This will be a 24 hour clockface so mark off every 15 degrees with an hour. Remember that the shadow will point due north at midday in the northern hemisphere, so mark 1200 hrs as North/0 degrees (In the south, 1200 will be South/180). Fill in the rest of the face. You might get something that looks like this:</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://elementbushcraft.com/shadow-board-viking-sun-compass/"><img alt="https://elementbushcraft.com/shadow-board-viking-sun-compass/" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgayI48RX29A6KihUjZ-fCOuFsIGXZtl0EZEImv9d7R0B31tb7ECpKLHKYOIfgP6iwHa-pw_yQFLzDQVe87-hczApZ35YgHdkzTl8eKLpDgphgFEits_9DMDM6Xql2B2ZITFbY61aAi6DI/s400/sun-compass.gif" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Using this simple sun-compass is simple. Hold it level and rotate it until the gnomon shadow is over the current time. If the clocks are adjusted for daylight saving/BST or similar you will have to account for this. Remember,<i> “spring forward, fall back”</i>, so the shadow will be on the north-south line at 1300hs, not 1200, so you will have to subtract an hour from local time to get the time to read on the dial. Once you have your sun-compass orientated use the dial to find the bearing you want. Your portable sun-compass should agree with your base-camp shadow stick. Pick out a landmark, put away your sun-compass and walk towards the landmark. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">An alternate method is to do the same as you did with a shadow-stick. Erect a little gnomon on a board or sheet of paper and plot the tip of the shadow over the course of a day. Draw a line from the base of the gnomon across the curve where it is at its closest. To use this version you do not need to know the time. Rotate it until the tip of the shadow meets the curve. The line you drew will point north (or south if you made your sun-compass in the southern hemisphere). You must use the same height gnomon for each reading, so mount this permanently. The <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iRCThccVKA">Ottomani version</a> is suspended from three or four points by cord to ensure that it is level.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNyaAmqUAVJ3piZJoWHpBYvO5cHcWy7sjPUhmK-Z_lle1WG_BwxeLFH57foWiv-yFV6BKr5Wq35Hk76pdHrimQycKbAtlXDYzeLQoHtohqQlq-WMqppmqWsc_v2Je9VKMZRFdHTDK44LQ/s1600/Annotation+2020-03-23+154817-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="679" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNyaAmqUAVJ3piZJoWHpBYvO5cHcWy7sjPUhmK-Z_lle1WG_BwxeLFH57foWiv-yFV6BKr5Wq35Hk76pdHrimQycKbAtlXDYzeLQoHtohqQlq-WMqppmqWsc_v2Je9VKMZRFdHTDK44LQ/s640/Annotation+2020-03-23+154817-min.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">You may have realized that if you know the bearing of something, your sun-compass can be used as a crude sundial. Related to the methods described above is using a <a href="https://www.wikihow.com/Use-an-Analog-Watch-as-a-Compass">watch directly to navigate by the sun</a>. Remember to adjust time for BST/DST. Substitute </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>“</i></span>1 mark</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>”</i></span> for </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>“</i></span>12 mark</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>”</i></span> in the above instructions. If your watch is digital, or you are using your phone clock, use your imagination. If you become confused as to which end of the north-south (N-S) line is north, check the local shadows. Hold a blade of grass over the watch-face and see if it casts a shadow. The one direction a shadow cannot point in the north is south. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Useful to recall is </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>“</i></span></span><i>the north gets up around 3 o'clock, goes to bed around 9</i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>”. </i>In other words, the north end of the N-S line will be in the small numbers in the morning, the higher numbers in the afternoon.<i> </i>(In the southern hemisphere replace the word north with south and the motto still works.)</span></span></span> Remember, sometimes shadows are still visible even when you cannot see the sun directly. </span></div><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The basic watch method is easy to remember: midpoint between “12(/1)” and the hour hand. The specifics for each hemisphere can be difficult to remember. It may help to think that “N” for north-hemisphere looks like a “H” for “hour-hand” and that this should be pointed at the sun. A cast shadow will point in the oppositie direction to the hour hand. For the southern-hemisphere the 2 in “12” looks a little like an “S” so the 12 should be pointed at the sun. A cast shadow should point towards “6”. Hopefully that will help you use this method. </span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><a href="http://www.angelfire.com/art/enchanter/epsdbook.html"><span style="color: #009eb8; font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Books</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.angelfire.com/art/enchanter/epsdbook.html"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="http://www.angelfire.com/art/enchanter/epsdbook.html" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Cav3KVXW2nvcDjPVg-BnlB42jaiYKkBgmtuczjC-V0nNuOTJBhTAj3J8YT-OmChHg47K3yQgEzDrF9j8BPjIYDpodZETn2wAWYyc4fEkhtoiNYOUNBhULvTbgedZXMl6fYQcSh9-ALM/s1600/product_thumbnail2.jpg" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/survival-weapons-optimizing-your-arsenal/paperback/product-21488758.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="http://www.lulu.com/shop/http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/survival-weapons-optimizing-your-arsenal/paperback/product-21488758.html" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHhN59QpUz_pS7X7DisN81RzdXAlhswxhBboH8cVf1kcK-oiYbkGTBEnTXKI2HKkvY0vYKNth1PGP-N8P0J59lmv5vLWq2S5eiYiAlPiANVsp3okR__21FWZDleSLSf_UUqVj4DbFTE4c/s1600/product_thumbnail.jpg" style="display: inline-block;" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/crash-combat/paperback/product-22603842.html"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="http://www.lulu.com/shop/phil-west/crash-combat/paperback/product-22603842.html" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvds0g9kyu36LeKxBnS2-CE3AJRlNISQ2BKRr4nn2vlrmVGymaMJGizJzGErhAQgtW2-LVEt_qW761XFW1s46J_ASGHWaQJyvrkklxdDLrftYbXToAVTVlQbykLaLm3CsJhqUhbgXVcdc/s1600/crash.jpg" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Anatopismo-Underrealm-Novella-Phil-West-ebook/dp/B077G7MMFM" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirykmF1U2e5e2R_TtTm5xW2g_F6FuRSDF6k4O2G_1q9JtkB3htoRSgYpHOXAoad1zTtFp7rZUWKBN43NpegbfsFLPU01ZPtIKBwQF0xaBOBVssFTPb2bXm2bLMIkYqsZ5PJ36gEoQlQLQ/s1600/cover2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Hell-Ay-non-partisan-sourcebook-role-play-system-ebook/dp/B07FQSHSQC"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="https://www.amazon.com/Hell-Ay-non-partisan-sourcebook-role-play-system-ebook/dp/B07FQSHSQC" border="0" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51SRB9SQIfL.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div></div>philhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10156612303663000736noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905322808239229530.post-43366476623541047912020-03-22T22:51:00.000+00:002020-03-23T17:49:41.144+00:00Finding Latitude.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Currently I am reading “The Time Traveller’s Guide to Medieval England”, which is very interesting. An astrolabe is listed among the possessions of at least one wealthy merchant. This got me thinking about similar devices.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Decades ago I watched a program on someone who had spend several weeks, possibly months, in a life-raft on the open sea. Using three pencils and elastic bands he improvised a sextant and used it to measure the angle of the Pole star. Since the angle of the Pole star is equal to the latitude of the observer, he was able to sail his raft into the sea lanes, where his chance of encountering another vessel and rescue were greatest.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDn9btvNpsPKnz3vA_Gb28CvEE7sr4jP31Zz75xVtEQH05OKPlwtNfV2lEzN4QUyZmpZcKqER_k5hJTCcyLIo-1i6c3ox5u4EswV0LEWp4ZU9xarBdBEUJO1C1Muh1O3SdHUWqiKNb7Y/s1600/sextant-848x400-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="848" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDn9btvNpsPKnz3vA_Gb28CvEE7sr4jP31Zz75xVtEQH05OKPlwtNfV2lEzN4QUyZmpZcKqER_k5hJTCcyLIo-1i6c3ox5u4EswV0LEWp4ZU9xarBdBEUJO1C1Muh1O3SdHUWqiKNb7Y/s640/sextant-848x400-min.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Here is a nice image of how such a device works. Other materials such as sticks and string could be used. This device is easily improved with a plumb-line. In the southern hemisphere you can measure the angle of the Coal Sack nebula. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Similar devices date back many centuries. If you have some cord, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_(navigation)">kamal</a> would be easy to improvise. Note that one example below is made from a piece of cardboard. A knot on the cord is held between the teeth and the cord pulled taunt. The bottom edge of the sight is aligned with the horizon, and the top compared with the Pole star. Different knots on the cord represented different latitudes. For example, if you wanted to sail from Alexandra to Crete you would sail north, checking your kamal using the knot corresponding to 35 degrees. Perhaps you tied that knot when you sighted Polaris another time you were on Crete. When the Pole star aligns with the top of your sight you will know it is time to start sailing west.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8qX0aIb1xtf2CD1oW1StfTyi8K9LNud9it-ukWQvzYZMyQy052eVQgJLDQFhhyphenhyphen86lJTAVSh0ZHH-X9Ug7FqaN8gWxJPKc4sz-fu4lGkSw9U6Uia7z-vJnw2MbGH0UATKaWK948RdElH0/s1600/Kamal_Polaris-min.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="801" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8qX0aIb1xtf2CD1oW1StfTyi8K9LNud9it-ukWQvzYZMyQy052eVQgJLDQFhhyphenhyphen86lJTAVSh0ZHH-X9Ug7FqaN8gWxJPKc4sz-fu4lGkSw9U6Uia7z-vJnw2MbGH0UATKaWK948RdElH0/s640/Kamal_Polaris-min.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The cross-staff worked the same way as the kamal, as the illustrations show. It was better suited to higher latitudes. There were problems with using such a device to measure the angle of the sun, so the backstaff developed, a step towards the prisms and mirrors of the modern sextant. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbNvjlRIb5HH9Q20Qq__7cLX4RlkUqpeIF6NxpTyfE_T9h48CONlM3vAfAQmsYij9Vg-7N6rAwriv7j8pQMa14YA8yTfbcPjWbwo1hcsHHuwmnKNkE7-c8Onoay6tqDF5TrQ_u8QPildI/s1600/unnamed-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="200" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbNvjlRIb5HH9Q20Qq__7cLX4RlkUqpeIF6NxpTyfE_T9h48CONlM3vAfAQmsYij9Vg-7N6rAwriv7j8pQMa14YA8yTfbcPjWbwo1hcsHHuwmnKNkE7-c8Onoay6tqDF5TrQ_u8QPildI/s400/unnamed-min.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWlHhdPwacezuoqiOtPrBf97phi3S-FblW7RNKlexP-BXHi31P5ct_zSSoWdT2E1rRZlYA0OtRfnTvgIOkkhJ3s0-mWGtGbcoielF0vYF36gB89X2eOZ6dvNV2t-HChI-XxMk15RL9JcU/s1600/backstaff_25164_lg.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="834" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWlHhdPwacezuoqiOtPrBf97phi3S-FblW7RNKlexP-BXHi31P5ct_zSSoWdT2E1rRZlYA0OtRfnTvgIOkkhJ3s0-mWGtGbcoielF0vYF36gB89X2eOZ6dvNV2t-HChI-XxMk15RL9JcU/s320/backstaff_25164_lg.gif" width="260" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A quadrant is relatively easy to make. A number of websites show the version in the first photo. The problem with this variant is that you have to <a href="https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/suntime/sxtnt_tchr.pdf">remember to subtract 90</a> from your reading. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5uPVM9dMpN50MpnHnobHl2Awf-LtaVJP2t2BTehlOQS25MpBdZ0-CxuLk8A9cXEUQCPin_uFKE0NAALP_1KqDcks8Po-y_vyiZpkePzmCKZG7WpYNIUClHNZfb3mdGpRcuUnDy1l_IPM/s1600/6800601-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="519" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5uPVM9dMpN50MpnHnobHl2Awf-LtaVJP2t2BTehlOQS25MpBdZ0-CxuLk8A9cXEUQCPin_uFKE0NAALP_1KqDcks8Po-y_vyiZpkePzmCKZG7WpYNIUClHNZfb3mdGpRcuUnDy1l_IPM/s320/6800601-min.jpg" width="301" /></a></span></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">It is NOT a sextant!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1noJ0WTkSmY4OQf0G3Q4zqpGuiSvierYJTwjnoqpuT9vrncLAIug_XMuCffB6tnhoXPwA_9AEOZd-QDeCM9bZF_PmU83tj3XhjRdtLS3aEV2rvK_yz8LRlAIXvsGi6ZRRPHNTJCvZ7uc/s1600/qupng-min.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="239" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1noJ0WTkSmY4OQf0G3Q4zqpGuiSvierYJTwjnoqpuT9vrncLAIug_XMuCffB6tnhoXPwA_9AEOZd-QDeCM9bZF_PmU83tj3XhjRdtLS3aEV2rvK_yz8LRlAIXvsGi6ZRRPHNTJCvZ7uc/s400/qupng-min.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiSnUNnN4XYb4KcVgUAagZOzn-463CZv6qYPDGP0IwdxYGLQtsdbdrd0CemzOSlBqzLy-AJ890xvtRHr9obJB5C52qDf_fNfiTOxTue-y5aK-A3vwi-1lWMssKJPyJ8wzuD3N4yFcJuEY/s1600/vetus_delantera_large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="402" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiSnUNnN4XYb4KcVgUAagZOzn-463CZv6qYPDGP0IwdxYGLQtsdbdrd0CemzOSlBqzLy-AJ890xvtRHr9obJB5C52qDf_fNfiTOxTue-y5aK-A3vwi-1lWMssKJPyJ8wzuD3N4yFcJuEY/s400/vetus_delantera_large.jpg" width="335" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Easier is to use half of a typical semi-circular protractor, mount the protractor with the straight edge vertical, or mark out a piece of card or paper. When improvising navigational devices a useful thing to remember is that a circle of 57mm radius has a circumference of just under 360mm. In other words, one millimetre equals one degree. It is no coincidence that my penknife handle has three notches, one 57mm from the first, the other 5mm from the first. Thus if I make a quadrant or compass rose I can mark it in 5 degree increments. By folding paper you can accurately mark 90, 45 and 22.5 degree angles. There are several ways to draw a good circle or quarter circle with improvised means.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Or just draw around something round.</span></div>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Such navigation devices can be used on the land as well as at sea. They have a long tradition of being used in deserts, exploiting the clear night skies. There are also situations where you might wish to determine the angle of a slope. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I will close with two trigonometry-based tricks:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZFXxT68pt9Kb2VmlxIavOgPBemiiz1EoMksvRsiwS_RI0yh0CDncEX78RgyQe5Jes1uk5OxFThb-i6gBUhh5zfXs8pQVweJ36byANHmSUZ_s3smp9qeixXVihl9stRK-3usYjssTHeU/s1600/Clipboard01-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="428" height="566" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZFXxT68pt9Kb2VmlxIavOgPBemiiz1EoMksvRsiwS_RI0yh0CDncEX78RgyQe5Jes1uk5OxFThb-i6gBUhh5zfXs8pQVweJ36byANHmSUZ_s3smp9qeixXVihl9stRK-3usYjssTHeU/s640/Clipboard01-min.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The first can be used to determine the width of a river or road. This uses the principle of similar triangles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Face a landmark on the far bank of the river. Turn 90 degrees and pace out a set distance, such as five paces. Place a marker (B in the illustration) and then pace out another five paces (or whatever distance you used before). A-B should equal B-C to avoid any calculations. Turn 90 degrees and head away from C. counting your paces. Every few paces look back at your landmark. When the landmark aligns with B then C-D will equal the distance between A and the landmark.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The second technique is for applications such as measuring the height of a tree or cliff. Vertical distance will equal horizontal distance when the viewing angle is 45 degrees. You can use a quadrant or clinometer for this, but you need to remember to add the height of your eye to the horizontal distance. Alternately, you can use a stick or staff and move back until it appears to be the same height as the object. Add the length of the stick/staff to the horizontal distance. You may have noticed that wood axes often have a 45 degree cut across their end. A lumberjack would sight along this, moving back until he could see the top of the trunk. Height was horizontal distance, plus the length of the axe handle. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you have enjoyed this article or it has been helpful to you please </span><a href="https://www.paypal.me/phwest"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #007cbb; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">feel free to show your appreciation.</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thank you.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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